Natural Compounds in Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves: A Phytochemical Study
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542-568
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Nov 22, 2025
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10.58578/kijst.v2i3.8017
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Authors:
Musa Azegya Mustapha1, Arowora K. A2, Ezeonu C. S3, Isaac John Umaru4 
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Abstract
This study investigates the chemical composition and hepatoprotective potential of ferrous nanoparticles (FeNPs) synthesized from Psidium guajava (Linn.) leaf extract, focusing on their effects on liver function in male Wistar rats. Fresh leaves of P. guajava were collected from the Government Reservation Area (G.R.A), Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria, washed, air-dried, and pulverized for analysis. The resulting leaf powder was subjected to phytochemical screening, vitamin profiling, and mineral composition analysis, while the synthesized FeNPs were characterized using UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). GC–MS analysis revealed a rich profile of bioactive compounds, with 2-hexyl-1-octanol identified as the most abundant constituent. Vitamin profiling showed a high concentration of folate (65.10%), moderate levels of thiamine (32.90%), and trace amounts of vitamin E (1.40%) and vitamin K (0.60%). Mineral analysis indicated potassium (9.40 ± 0.89 ppm) as the predominant element among the five minerals detected. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of FeNPs, evidenced by a characteristic absorption peak at 360 nm, while FTIR analysis identified functional groups such as hydroxyl (O–H), alkane (C–H), and alkene (C=C), suggesting the presence of phytochemicals capable of reducing and stabilizing the nanoparticles. Overall, the findings demonstrate that Psidium guajava leaf extract is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that effectively mediate the green synthesis of ferrous nanoparticles, and that the presence of bioactive compounds and functional groups supports the potential of these FeNPs for biomedical applications, particularly in liver function modulation. This study provides a foundational basis for further exploration of the therapeutic efficacy and safety of guava leaf-derived nanoparticles in hepatoprotection and other health-related interventions.
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Mustapha, M. A., A, A. K., S, E. C., & Umaru, I. J. (2025). Natural Compounds in Guava (Psidium guajava) Leaves: A Phytochemical Study. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 2(3), 542-568. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v2i3.8017
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Luo, Y., Peng, B., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., and Wu, Z. (2018). Ultrasound extraction of polysaccharides from guava leaves and their antioxidant and antiglycation activity. Processing Biochemistry, 73, 228–234.
Luo, Y., Peng, B., Wei, W., Tian, X., and Wu, Z. (2019). Antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of polysaccharides from guava leaves. Molecules, 24, 1343.
Kim, H. S. (2005). Do not put too much value on conventional medicines. J. Ethnopharmacol., 100, 37–39.
Kim, S. Y., Kim, E. A., Kim, Y. S., Yu, S. K., Choi, C., Lee, J. S., Kim, Y. T., Nah, J. W., and Jeon, Y. J. (2016). Protective effects of polysaccharides from Psidium guajava leave against oxidative stresses. International Journal of Biol. Macromol. , 91, 804–811.
Zhang, Z., Kong, F., Ni, H., Mo, Z., Wan, J. B., Hua, D., and Yan, C. (2016). Structural characterization, α-glucosidase inhibitory and DPPH scavenging activities of polysaccharides from guava. Carbohydrate. Polym. , 144, 106–114.
Rahman, Z., Siddiqui, M. N., Khatun, M. A., and Kamruzzaman, M. (2013). Effect of Psidium guajava leaf meal on production performances and antimicrobial sensitivity in commercial broiler. Journal of Natural Products, 6, 177–187.
Lonnie, M., Hooker, E., Brunstrom, J., Corfe, B., Green, M., Watson, A., Williams, E., Stevenson, E., Penson, S., and Johnstone, A. (2018). Protein for life: Review of optimal protein intake, sustainable dietary sources and the effect on appetite in ageing adults. Nutrients, 10, 360.
Jassal, K., and Kaushal, S. (2019). Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Psidium guajava leaf essential oil. Agricultural Research Journal, 5(6), 528.
Patil, S. P. and Rane, P. M. (2020).Psidium guajava leaves assisted green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles: a review. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 9, 60
Lee, W. C., Mahmud, R., Pillai, S., Perumal, S., Ismail, S. (2012). Antioxidant activities of essential oil of Psidium guajava L. leaves. APCBEE Procedia, 2, 86–91.
Chen, H.Y. and Yen, G.C. (2007). Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of extracts from guava (Psidium guajava L.) leaves. Food Chemistry, 101, 686–694.
Sacchetti, G., Maietti, S., Muzzoli, M., Scaglianti, M., Manfredini, S., Radice, M., and Bruni, R. (2005). Comparative evaluation of 11 essential oils of different origin as functional antioxidants, antiradicals and antimicrobials in foods. Food Chem., 91, 621–632.
Khadhri, A., El Mokni, R., Almeida, C., Nogueira, J. M. F., Araújo, M. E. M. (2014). Chemical composition of essential oil of Psidium guajava L. growing in Tunisia. Ind. Crop. Prod., 52, 29–31.
Díaz-de-Cerio, E., Gómez-Caravaca, A. M., Verardo, V., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A. and Segura-Carretero, A. (2016). Determination of guava leaf phenolic compounds using HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS. J. Funct. Foods, 22, 376–388.
Matsuzaki, K., Ishii, R., Kobiyama, K. and Kitanaka, S. (2010,). New benzophenone and quercetin galloyl glycosides from Psidium guajava L. Journal of Natural Medicines, 64, 252–256.
Shu, J. C., Chou, G. X. and Wang, Z. T. (2012). One new diphenylmethane glycoside from the leaves of Psidium guajava L. Nat. Prod. Res., 26, 1971–1975.
Shao, M.; Wang, Y.; Huang, X. J.; Fan, C. L.; Zhang, Q. W.; Zhang, X. Q.; Ye, W. C. (2012). Four new triterpenoids from the leaves of Psidium guajava. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res., 14, 348–354.
Rasouli, H., Farzaei, M. H. and Khodarahmi, R. (2017). Polyphenols and their benefits: A review. Int. J. Food Prop., 20, 1–42.
Luca, S. V., Macovei, I., Bujor, A., Miron, A., Skalicka-Wo ´zniak, K., Aprotosoaie, A. C. and Trifan, A. (2020). Bioactivity of dietary polyphenols: The role of metabolites. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 60, 626–659.
Toyokuni, S. (2016). Oxidative stress as an iceberg in carcinogenesis and cancer biology. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 595, 46–49.
Gonzalez, H., Hagerling, C., Werb, Z. (2018). Roles of the immune system in cancer: From tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev., 32, 1267–1284.
Jiang, L., Lu, J., Qin, Y., Jiang, W. and Wang, Y. (2020). Antitumor effect of guava leaves on lung cancer: A network pharmacology study. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 1(3), 7773–7797.
Correa, M.G., Couto, J. S., Teodoro, A. J. (2016). Anticancer properties of Psidium guajava—A mini-review. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 17, 4199–4204.
Lok, B., Sandai, D., Baharetha, H., Nazari, V., Asif, M., Tan, C., Majid, A. (2020). Anticancer effect of Psidium guajava leaf extracts against colorectal cancer through inhibition of angiogenesis. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 10, 293.
Mazumdar, S., Akter, R., and Talukder, D. (2015). Antidiabetic and antidiarrhoeal effects on ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava leaves in Wister rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed., 5, 10–14.
Punia, S. and Kumar, M. (2021). Litchi (Litchi chinenis) seed: Nutritional profile, bioactivities, and its industrial applications. Trends Food Science and Technology, 108, 58–70.
Cho, N. H., Shaw, J. E., Karuranga, S., Huang, Y., da Rocha Fernandes, J. D., Ohlrogge, A. W. and Malanda, B. (2018). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2017 and projections for 2045. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 138, 271–281.
Hu, X. F., Zhang, Q., Zhang, P. P., Sun, L. J., Liang, J. C., Morris-Natschke, S. L., Chen, Y. and Lee, K. H. (2018). Evaluation of in vitro/in vivo anti-diabetic effects and identification of compounds from Physalis alkekengi. Fitoterapia, 127, 129–137.
Zhu, X., Ouyang, W., Lan, Y., Xiao, H., Tang, L., Liu, G., Feng, K., Zhang, L., Song, M. and Cao, Y. (2020). Anti-hyperglycemic and liver protective effects of flavonoids from guava leaf in diabetic mice. Food Bioscience, 35, 100574.
Eidenberger, T., Selg, M. and Krennhuber, K. (2013). Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase activity by flavonol glycosides of guava (Psidium guajava L.): A key to the beneficial effects of guava in type II diabetes mellitus. Fitoterapia , 89, 74–79.
Fujimori, K. and Shibano, M. (2013). Avicularin, a plant flavonoid, suppresses lipid accumulation through repression of C/EBPα-activated GLUT4-mediated glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 cells. J. Agric. Food Chem., 61, 5139–5147.
Nair, S. S., Kavrekar, V. and Mishra, A. (2013). In vitro studies on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected plant extracts. European Journal of Experimental Biology, 3, 128–132.
Stefanis, L., Burke, R. E. and Greene, L. A. (1997). Apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr. Opin. Neurol., 10, 299–305.
Farag, R. S., Abdel-Latif, M. S., Abd El Baky, H. H., and Tawfeek, L. S. (2020). Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of some medicinal plants crude juices. Biotechnol. Rep., 11(3), 94-114.
Taha, T. F., Elakkad, H. A., Gendy, A. S. H., Abdelkader, M. A. I. and Hussein, S. S. E. (2019). In vitro bio-medical studies on Psidium guajava leaves. Plant Arch., 19, 199–207.
Tran, T. T. T., Ton, N. M. N., Nguyen, T. T., Le, V. V. M., Sajeev, D., Schilling, M. W. and Dinh, T. T. N. (2020). Application of natural antioxidant extract from guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in fresh pork sausage. Meat Sci., 165, 108106.
Wang, L., Xie, J., Huang, T., Ma, Y. and Wu, Z. (2017). Characterization of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using crude polysaccharides of Psidium guajava L. leaf and their bioactivities. Mater. Lett., 208, 126–129.
Palombo, E. A. (2006). Phytochemicals from traditional medicinal plants used in the treatment of diarrhoea: Modes of action and effects on intestinal function. Phyther. Res., 20, 717–724.
Mehra, A., Sarkar, S. and Basu, D. (2013). Lomotil (diphenoxylate) dependence in India. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicines, 35, 248–250.
Ojewole, J. A. O., Awe, E. O. and Chiwororo, W. D. H. (2008). Antidiarrhoeal activity of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract in rodents. Journal of Smooth Muscle Research, 44, 195–207.
Ullah, F., Ayaz, M., Sadiq, A., Ullah, F., Hussain, I., Shahid, M., Yessimbekov, Z., Adhikari-Devkota, A. and Devkota, H. P. (2020). Potential role of plant extracts and phytochemicals against foodborne pathogens. Appl. Sci., 10, 4597.
Naseer, S.; Hussain, S.; Naeem, N.; Pervaiz, M. and Rahman, M. (2018). The phytochemistry and medicinal value of Psidium guajava (guava). Clinical Phytoscience, 4, 32.
Mickymaray, S. (2019). Efficacy and mechanism of traditional medicinal plants and bioactive compounds against clinically important pathogens. Antibiotics, 8, 257.
Soliman, F. M., Fathy, M. M., Salama, M. M. and Saber, F. R. (2016). Comparative study of the volatile oil content and antimicrobial activity of Psidium guajava L. and Psidium cattleianum Sabine leaves. Bull. Fac. Pharm. Cairo Univ., 5(4), 219–225.
Punia, S., Sandhu, K. S., Grasso, S., Purewal, S. S., Kaur, M., Siroha, A. K., Kumar, K., Kumar, V. and Kumar, M. (2020). Aspergillus oryzae fermented rice bran: A byproduct with enhanced bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential. Foods, 10, 70.
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