Biochemical Studies of the Effects of Nauclea Latifolia Ethanolic Root Extracts in Rats
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10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3564
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Abstract
The plant Nauclea latifolia (Smith) (Family: Rubiaceae) also known as ‘Pin Cushion tree’ or ‘African Peach’ is a struggling shrub, native in tropical Africa and Asia where the use of folk medicine is preval_ent and the search for herbal cure is but common practice. Extraction of the root of Nauclea latifolia with ethanol yielded the ethanol extract. The acute toxicity study on the ethanol extract in mice established an intraperitoneal LD50 greater than 4000mg/kg. Thus, the ethanol extract could generally be regarded as safe. The phytochemical analysis of the Nauclea latifolia ethanol extract indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins and reducing sugars. The result of the liver function test, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase enzymes and the serum concentrations of conjugated and total bilirubin measured suggest mild damage of the liver hepatocytes of rats treated with ethanolic extract of Nauclea latifolia root when compared to the control. Increased serum enzyme concentrations could be associated with hepatocellular damage. The result of urea and creatinine indicate that the kidney may be damaged when compared to the control group. The extract caused a slight but non significant increase (p > 0.05) in blood glucose concentration as administration of the extract continued at days 28 and 42. The present study established that the continuous administration of the ethanol crude extract of Nauclea latifolia is lethal to the hepatocytes and kidneys.
Keywords:
Biochemical parameters; Nauclea latifolia; Phytochemical analysis; Ethanolic Extract and toxicity; White blood cells; Alanine aminotransferase; Bilirubin; Liver function test
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C, U. S. M., N, O. V., Y, O. E., J, P. E., S, E., E, A., P, U. O., M, U. C., J, I. T., & J, D. (2024). Biochemical Studies of the Effects of Nauclea Latifolia Ethanolic Root Extracts in Rats. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 124-143. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3564
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References
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Agyare, C., Spiegler, V., Sarkodie, H., Asase, A., Liebau, E. and Hensel, A. (2014). An ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro confirmation of the ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants as anthelmintic remedies in the Ashanti region, in the central part of Ghana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 158: 255–263.
Aparna, V., Dileep, K. V., Mandal, P. K., Karthe, P., Sadasvan, C., Haridas, M., et al. (2012). Anti-inflammatory property of nhexadecanoic acid:Structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 80: 434-439.
Asekun, O. T. and Adeniyi, B. A. (2004). Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oils of Xylopia aethropica from Nigeria. Fitoterpia, 75(3- 4): 368-370
Balogun, M. E., Besong, E. E., Obu, D. C., Obu, M. S. U. and Djobissie, S. F. A. (2016). Nauclea latifolia: A medicinal, economic and pharmacological review. International Journal of Plant Research, 6(2): 34‐52.
Bum, E. N., Taïwe, G., Moto, F., Ngoupaye, G. Nkantchoua, G., Pelanken, M., Rakotonirina, S. and Rakotonirina, A. (2009). Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative properties of the roots of Nauclea latifolia Smith in mice. Epilepsy and Behavior, 15(4): 434–440.
Chanda, S., Parekh, J., Vaghasiya, Y., Dave, R., Baravalia, Y. and Nair, R. (2015). Medicinal plants - from traditional use to toxicity assessment: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res., 6(7): 2652- 70. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(7).2652-70.
Cheikhyoussef, A., Summers, R. W. and Kahaka, G. K. (2015). “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical compounds in Namibian Myrothamnus flabellifolius,” International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 5: 71–83.
Debebe, M., Afework, M., Makonnen, E., Debella, A., Geleta, B. and Gemeda, N. (2017). eval_uations of biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters of subchronic administration of ethanol extract of Albizia gummifera seed in Albino Wistar rat. J Clin Toxicol., 7(1): 337. doi: 10.4172/2161- 0495.10003.
Egwari, L. (2010). Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Eugenia aromatica. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research, 15(1).
Ettebong, E. O., Ubulom, P. M., Edwin Ekpenyong, C. E., Ekong, U. S., Akpan, O. E., Tambari, V., et al. (2015). In vivo antiplasmodial activities of Nauclea latifolia Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(3): 6-11.
Ezekiel, I., Mabrouk, M. A. and Ayo, J. O. (2010). Study of the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Commiphora africana (Stembark) on sleeping time and convulsion in mice. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(3): 81-84.
Gidado, A., Ameh, D., Atawodi, S. and Ibrahim, S. (2008). Hypoglycaemic activity of Nauclea latifolia sm. (Rubiaceae) in experimental animals. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 5(2).
Giddado A, Ameh, D. A. and Atawodi, S. E. (2005). Effects of Nauclea latifolia leaves aqueous extracts on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. African J. of Biotech., 4 (1): 91-99.
Handecouer, R., Peuchmaur, M., Peres, B., Rome, M., Tauve, G. S., Boumendjel, A., et al. (2018). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of African Nauclea species: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 212:106-136.
Harbone, J. B. (2008). Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. USA: Springer: pp: 203-14.
Hideyuki, S., Toshinori, K., Haruaki, I., Frank, M., Ayumi, O. and Jun’ichi, K. (2003). Naucleamides A-E, new monoterpene indole alkaloids from Nauclea latifolia. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo), 51: 58-56.
Iyamah, P. and Idu, M. (2015). Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173: 287–302.
Krishnaswamy, K. (2008). Traditional Indian spices and their health significance. Asian Pacific Journal Clinical Nutrition, 17: 265–268.
Kumar, P. P., Kumaravel, S. and Lalitha, C. (2010). Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 4: 191-195.
Odey, M. O., Johnson, J. T., Iwara, I. A., Gauje, B., Akpan, N. S., Luke, U. O., Robert, A. E. and Ukpong, K. M. (2012). Effect of antihypertensive treatment with root and stem bark extracts of Nauclea latifolia on serum lipid profile. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science and Technology, 2(4): 78‐84.
Odukoya, O. A., Inya-Agha, S. I. and Ilori, O. O. (2007). Immune boosting herbs: lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate as index of activity. J. of Pharmacol and Toxicol., 2(2): 190 – 195.
OECD. (1995). Organization for economic cooperation and development Guideline 407. Repeated-dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents.
Okwute, S. K. and Ohiakwu, C. S. (2021). Phytochemical and GCMS analysis of the leaves extracts of Nauclea Latifolia. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 10(1): 116-120.
Owolabi, O., Nworgu, Z. and Odushu, K. (2010). Antidiarrheal eval_uation of the ethanol extract of Nauclea latifolia root bark. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(8): 551.
Ozer, J., Ratner, M., Shaw, M., Bailey, W. and Schomaker, S. (2008). The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology, 245(3): 194-205. doi: 10.1016/j. tox.2007.11.021.
Taïwe, G. S., Ngo Bum, E., Talla, E., Dimo, T., Dawe, A., Sinniger, V., Bonaz, B., Boumendjel. A. and De Waard, M. (2014). Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) exerts antinociceptive effects in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Journal of Ethnopharmacolology, 151 (2014): 445–451
Thapa, B. R. and Walia, A. (2007). Liver function tests and their interpretation. Indian J Pediatr., 74(7):663-71. Doi: 10.1007/s12098-007-0118-7.
Tittikpina, N., Ejike, C., Estevam, E., Nasim, M., Griffin, S., Chaimbault, P., Kirsch, G., Atakpama, W., Batawila, K. and Jacob, C. (2016). Togo to go: Products and compounds derived from local plants for the treatment of diseases endemic in Sub‐Saharan Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(1): 85‐94.
Traore‐Keita, F., Gasquet, M., Giorgio, C. D., Ollivier, E., Delmas, F., Keita, A., Doumbo, O., Balansard, G. and Timon‐David, P. (2000). Antimalarial activity of four plants used in traditional medicine in Mali. Phytotherapy Research, 14(1): 45–47.
Uche, O., Godwin, C. C., Kenneth, O. N., Ada, C. N., Okechukwu, C. A., Ugo, A. O., John, K. A., Udeogu, C. and Ibe, C. (2020). eval_uation of the biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters of female Wistar rats fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aspilia africana leaves. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 9(3): 257-267; doi: 10.34172/jhp.2020.33.
Udobi, C. and Umoh, B. (2017). Effects of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Nauclea latifolia Smith [Rubiaceae] on certain biochemical and haematological indices of Swiss Albino Mice. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 6(1): 1–9.
Udobre, A. S., Etim, E. I., Udobang, J. A., Udoh, A. E., Akpan, A. E. and Ekpo, N. A. (2013). Antiplasmodial effect of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Nauclea latifolia. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3: 6484–6489.
Ugwu, C., Ezeh, I., Obitte, N., Chime, S. and Agubata, C. (2016). In vivo Anti‐trypanosomal eval_uation and Phytochemical Analysis of Methanol Extract of Nauclea latifolia. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(2): 1–9.
Wieslaw, O., Marta, J. and Anna, S. (1999). Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds J. Agric food chem., 47(9): 3685-3687.
Agyare, C., Spiegler, V., Sarkodie, H., Asase, A., Liebau, E. and Hensel, A. (2014). An ethnopharmacological survey and in vitro confirmation of the ethnopharmacological use of medicinal plants as anthelmintic remedies in the Ashanti region, in the central part of Ghana. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 158: 255–263.
Aparna, V., Dileep, K. V., Mandal, P. K., Karthe, P., Sadasvan, C., Haridas, M., et al. (2012). Anti-inflammatory property of nhexadecanoic acid:Structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chem. Biol. Drug Des., 80: 434-439.
Asekun, O. T. and Adeniyi, B. A. (2004). Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic activities of the fruit essential oils of Xylopia aethropica from Nigeria. Fitoterpia, 75(3- 4): 368-370
Balogun, M. E., Besong, E. E., Obu, D. C., Obu, M. S. U. and Djobissie, S. F. A. (2016). Nauclea latifolia: A medicinal, economic and pharmacological review. International Journal of Plant Research, 6(2): 34‐52.
Bum, E. N., Taïwe, G., Moto, F., Ngoupaye, G. Nkantchoua, G., Pelanken, M., Rakotonirina, S. and Rakotonirina, A. (2009). Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, and sedative properties of the roots of Nauclea latifolia Smith in mice. Epilepsy and Behavior, 15(4): 434–440.
Chanda, S., Parekh, J., Vaghasiya, Y., Dave, R., Baravalia, Y. and Nair, R. (2015). Medicinal plants - from traditional use to toxicity assessment: a review. Int J Pharm Sci Res., 6(7): 2652- 70. doi: 10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(7).2652-70.
Cheikhyoussef, A., Summers, R. W. and Kahaka, G. K. (2015). “Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical compounds in Namibian Myrothamnus flabellifolius,” International Science and Technology Journal of Namibia, 5: 71–83.
Debebe, M., Afework, M., Makonnen, E., Debella, A., Geleta, B. and Gemeda, N. (2017). eval_uations of biochemical, hematological and histopathological parameters of subchronic administration of ethanol extract of Albizia gummifera seed in Albino Wistar rat. J Clin Toxicol., 7(1): 337. doi: 10.4172/2161- 0495.10003.
Egwari, L. (2010). Antibacterial activity of crude extracts of Nauclea latifolia and Eugenia aromatica. West African Journal of Pharmacology and Drug Research, 15(1).
Ettebong, E. O., Ubulom, P. M., Edwin Ekpenyong, C. E., Ekong, U. S., Akpan, O. E., Tambari, V., et al. (2015). In vivo antiplasmodial activities of Nauclea latifolia Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(3): 6-11.
Ezekiel, I., Mabrouk, M. A. and Ayo, J. O. (2010). Study of the effect of hydro-ethanolic extract of Commiphora africana (Stembark) on sleeping time and convulsion in mice. Asian Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(3): 81-84.
Gidado, A., Ameh, D., Atawodi, S. and Ibrahim, S. (2008). Hypoglycaemic activity of Nauclea latifolia sm. (Rubiaceae) in experimental animals. African Journal of Traditional Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 5(2).
Giddado A, Ameh, D. A. and Atawodi, S. E. (2005). Effects of Nauclea latifolia leaves aqueous extracts on blood glucose levels of normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats. African J. of Biotech., 4 (1): 91-99.
Handecouer, R., Peuchmaur, M., Peres, B., Rome, M., Tauve, G. S., Boumendjel, A., et al. (2018). Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of African Nauclea species: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol., 212:106-136.
Harbone, J. B. (2008). Phytochemical Methods A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis. 3rd ed. USA: Springer: pp: 203-14.
Hideyuki, S., Toshinori, K., Haruaki, I., Frank, M., Ayumi, O. and Jun’ichi, K. (2003). Naucleamides A-E, new monoterpene indole alkaloids from Nauclea latifolia. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo), 51: 58-56.
Iyamah, P. and Idu, M. (2015). Ethnomedicinal survey of plants used in the treatment of malaria in Southern Nigeria. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 173: 287–302.
Krishnaswamy, K. (2008). Traditional Indian spices and their health significance. Asian Pacific Journal Clinical Nutrition, 17: 265–268.
Kumar, P. P., Kumaravel, S. and Lalitha, C. (2010). Screening of antioxidant activity, total phenolics and GC-MS study of Vitex negundo. Afr. J. Biochem. Res., 4: 191-195.
Odey, M. O., Johnson, J. T., Iwara, I. A., Gauje, B., Akpan, N. S., Luke, U. O., Robert, A. E. and Ukpong, K. M. (2012). Effect of antihypertensive treatment with root and stem bark extracts of Nauclea latifolia on serum lipid profile. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Science and Technology, 2(4): 78‐84.
Odukoya, O. A., Inya-Agha, S. I. and Ilori, O. O. (2007). Immune boosting herbs: lipid peroxidation in liver homogenate as index of activity. J. of Pharmacol and Toxicol., 2(2): 190 – 195.
OECD. (1995). Organization for economic cooperation and development Guideline 407. Repeated-dose 28-day oral toxicity study in rodents.
Okwute, S. K. and Ohiakwu, C. S. (2021). Phytochemical and GCMS analysis of the leaves extracts of Nauclea Latifolia. Journal of pharmacognosy and phytochemistry, 10(1): 116-120.
Owolabi, O., Nworgu, Z. and Odushu, K. (2010). Antidiarrheal eval_uation of the ethanol extract of Nauclea latifolia root bark. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 32(8): 551.
Ozer, J., Ratner, M., Shaw, M., Bailey, W. and Schomaker, S. (2008). The current state of serum biomarkers of hepatotoxicity. Toxicology, 245(3): 194-205. doi: 10.1016/j. tox.2007.11.021.
Taïwe, G. S., Ngo Bum, E., Talla, E., Dimo, T., Dawe, A., Sinniger, V., Bonaz, B., Boumendjel. A. and De Waard, M. (2014). Nauclea latifolia Smith (Rubiaceae) exerts antinociceptive effects in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Journal of Ethnopharmacolology, 151 (2014): 445–451
Thapa, B. R. and Walia, A. (2007). Liver function tests and their interpretation. Indian J Pediatr., 74(7):663-71. Doi: 10.1007/s12098-007-0118-7.
Tittikpina, N., Ejike, C., Estevam, E., Nasim, M., Griffin, S., Chaimbault, P., Kirsch, G., Atakpama, W., Batawila, K. and Jacob, C. (2016). Togo to go: Products and compounds derived from local plants for the treatment of diseases endemic in Sub‐Saharan Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 13(1): 85‐94.
Traore‐Keita, F., Gasquet, M., Giorgio, C. D., Ollivier, E., Delmas, F., Keita, A., Doumbo, O., Balansard, G. and Timon‐David, P. (2000). Antimalarial activity of four plants used in traditional medicine in Mali. Phytotherapy Research, 14(1): 45–47.
Uche, O., Godwin, C. C., Kenneth, O. N., Ada, C. N., Okechukwu, C. A., Ugo, A. O., John, K. A., Udeogu, C. and Ibe, C. (2020). eval_uation of the biochemical, haematological and histopathological parameters of female Wistar rats fed with aqueous and ethanol extracts of Aspilia africana leaves. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 9(3): 257-267; doi: 10.34172/jhp.2020.33.
Udobi, C. and Umoh, B. (2017). Effects of the ethanol extract of the stem bark of Nauclea latifolia Smith [Rubiaceae] on certain biochemical and haematological indices of Swiss Albino Mice. Asian Journal of Medicine and Health, 6(1): 1–9.
Udobre, A. S., Etim, E. I., Udobang, J. A., Udoh, A. E., Akpan, A. E. and Ekpo, N. A. (2013). Antiplasmodial effect of the methanol extract of the stem bark of Nauclea latifolia. Indo American Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 3: 6484–6489.
Ugwu, C., Ezeh, I., Obitte, N., Chime, S. and Agubata, C. (2016). In vivo Anti‐trypanosomal eval_uation and Phytochemical Analysis of Methanol Extract of Nauclea latifolia. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(2): 1–9.
Wieslaw, O., Marta, J. and Anna, S. (1999). Determination and toxicity of saponins from Amaranthus cruentus seeds J. Agric food chem., 47(9): 3685-3687.
