Peningkatan Pemurnian Minyak Jelantah melalui Sistem Adsorben Ganda: Bleaching Earth dan Karbon dari Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L) Improving the Purification of Used Cooking Oil through a Dual Adsorbent System: Bleaching Earth and Carbon from Cocoa Pod Husks (Theobroma cacao L.)
Article Sidebar
Page Numbers:
1368-1392
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/masaliq.v5i3.6039
Viewed: 563 times
Downloaded: 327 times
LYAS Publisher cordially invites qualified professionals to serve as Editors or Reviewers. Your expertise will make an important contribution to maintaining and strengthening the academic quality of our publications. Interested applicants are kindly requested to complete the application form at the following link: Editors & Reviewers
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information about the submission process or if you have any additional questions.
Authors:
Esssylia Afriyanti Utami1*, Umar Kalmar Nizar2, Sri Benti Etika3 
Copyright :
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Used cooking oil (minyak jelantah) is a household and industrial waste product that poses environmental risks and undergoes significant quality degradation due to the breakdown of chemical compounds during repeated use. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of activated carbon derived from cocoa pod husk waste and bleaching earth in improving the quality of used cooking oil. The research was conducted experimentally in the laboratory of Universitas Negeri Padang using used cooking oil obtained from local vendors. Activated carbon was prepared by calcining cocoa pod husks at 350°C for varying durations of 30, 45, 60, and 75 minutes, followed by activation with 1M NaOH solution. The purification process was carried out in stages through the addition of activated carbon and bleaching earth under controlled heating conditions. Parameters analyzed included acid number, moisture content, density, saponification value, and functional group characterization using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results indicate that the most effective adsorbent combination was achieved with activated carbon calcined for 60 minutes, which reduced the acid number from 14.92 to 5.09 mg KOH/g, decreased moisture content to 0.11%, and increased the saponification value to 75.30 mg KOH/g. The FTIR spectrum showed reduced intensity in functional groups associated with degradation, indicating effective purification. In conclusion, the combination of activated carbon from cocoa pod husk waste and bleaching earth is proven effective in improving the physicochemical quality of used cooking oil, while also demonstrating the potential for sustainable and environmentally friendly use of agricultural waste as raw material for adsorbents.
Citation Metrics:
Downloads
Article Details
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Abdelbasir, S. M., Shehab, A. I., & Khalek, M. A. A. (2023). Spent bleaching earth; recycling and utilization techniques: A review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 17, 200124. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200124
Abdullah, J. A. A., Jiménez-Rosado, M., Guerrero, A., & Romero, A. (2023). Effect of Calcination Temperature and Time on the Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Green vs. Chemical Method. Materials, 16(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16051798
Abiodun, G. W., Kolade, R. A., & Adeyinka, O. J. (2019). Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Domestic Frying and Storage on Some Selected Oil Samples from Local and Commercial Sources. Earthline Journal of Chemical Sciences, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.34198/ejcs.3120.1734
Adekunle, A. S., Oyekunle, J. A. O., Oduwale, A. I., Owootomo, Y., Obisesan, O. R., Elugoke, S. E., Durodola, S. S., Akintunde, S. B., & Oluwafemi, O. S. (2020). Biodiesel potential of used vegetable oils transesterified with biological catalysts. Energy Reports, 6, 2861–2871. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.019
Adiarso, A., Hermawan, E., Nelly, A., Wicaksana, D. E. P., Wijono, R. A., Ferabianie, A. L., Setiawan, H., Setiadi, S., Setiyadi, E. D., Lenggogeni, Sunartono, Marsudi, A., Dewi, Y. R., Saparudin, Handayani, I. D., & Kaseno, K. (2024). Optimized utilization of spent bleaching earth to enhance economic performance of integrated biodiesel-cooking oil plants. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 10, 100784. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.100784
Ahda, M., Guntarti, A., Kusbandari, A., & Safitri, A. (2024). Identification of Lard Adulteration of Cooking Oil Products Using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics. Food Analytical Methods, 17, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-024-02576-y
Alshuiael, S. M., & Al-Ghouti, M. A. (2020). Multivariate analysis for FTIR in understanding treatment of used cooking oil using activated carbon prepared from olive stone. PLOS ONE, 15(5), e0232997-. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232997
Anantapinitwatna, A., Ngaosuwan, K., Kiatkittipong, W., Wongsawaeng, D., & Assabumrungrat, S. (2019). Effect of Water Content in Waste Cooking Oil on Biodiesel Production via Ester-transesterification in a Single Reactive Distillation. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 559, 012014. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/559/1/012014
Aniołowska, M., & Kita, A. (2015). The Effect of Type of Oil and Degree of Degradation on Glycidyl Esters Content during the Frying of French Fries. JAOCS, Journal of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, 92(11–12), 1621–1631. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11746-015-2715-3
Arman, A., Sukmawati Arifin, A., Hasizah Mochtar, A., & Irsaulul Nurhisna, N. (2024). Application of Activated Carbon from Cocoa Pod Husk (Theobroma cacao L.) in Used Cooking Oil. BIO Web of Conferences, 96. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20249601032
Azme, S. N. K., Yusoff, N. S. I. M., Chin, L. Y., Mohd, Y., Hamid, R. D., Jalil, M. N., Zaki, H. M., Saleh, S. H., Ahmat, N., Manan, M. A. F. A., Yury, N., Hum, N. N. F., Latif, F. A., & Zain, Z. M. (2023). Recycling waste cooking oil into soap: Knowledge transfer through community service learning. Cleaner Waste Systems, 4, 100084. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwas.2023.100084
Bostan, R., Glevitzky, M., Varvara, S., Dumitrel, G. A., Rusu, G. I., Popa, M., Glevitzky, I., & Vică, M. L. (2024). Utilization of Natural Adsorbents in the Purification of Used Sunflower and Palm Cooking Oils. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14114417
Chiang, K. M., Xiu, L., Peng, C. Y., Lung, S. C. C., Chen, Y. C., & Pan, W. H. (2022). Particulate matters, aldehydes, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons produced from deep-frying emissions: comparisons of three cooking oils with distinct fatty acid profiles. Npj Science of Food, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-022-00143-5
Eko Saputro, K., Siswanti, P., Wahyu Nugroho, D., Ikono, R., Noviyanto, A., & Taufiqu Rochman, N. (2020). Reactivating adsorption capacities of spent bleaching earth for using in crude palm oil industry. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 924(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/924/1/012014
Ferfuia, C., Zuliani, F., Piani, B., Costa, L. D., Corazzin, M., Turi, M., & Baldini, M. (2023). Bleaching techniques impact on some quality parameters in two different cold-pressed oils obtained at farm scale. Journal of Food Process Engineering, 46(7). https://doi.org/10.1111/jfpe.14357
Frota de Albuquerque Landi, F., Fabiani, C., Castellani, B., Cotana, F., & Pisello, A. L. (2022). Environmental assessment of four waste cooking oil valorization pathways. Waste Management, 138, 219–233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.11.037
Guliyev, N. G., Ibrahimov, H. J., Alekperov, J. A., Amirov, F. A., & Ibrahimova, Z. M. (2018). Investigation of activated carbon obtained from the liquid products of pyrolysis in sunflower oil bleaching process. International Journal of Industrial Chemistry, 9(3), 277–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40090-018-0156-1
León, A., Contreras-Arenas, J., Garnica-Fuentes, C., Jiménez-Caballero, M., Pinto-Hernández, D., León, E., Peña-Ballesteros, D., & Molina-V, D. (2023). Removal of organic compounds in wastewater using cocoa shell based activated carbon–SiO2 nanoparticles. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, 6811–6830. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04168-y
Lin, C. Y., & Ma, L. (2020). Influences of water content in feedstock oil on burning characteristics of fatty acid methyl esters. Processes, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/PR8091130
Lopresto, C. G., De Paola, M. G., & Calabrò, V. (2024). Importance of the properties, collection, and storage of waste cooking oils to produce high-quality biodiesel – An overview. Biomass and Bioenergy, 189, 107363. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2024.107363
Mannu, A., Almendras Flores, P., Briatico Vangosa, F., Di Pietro, M. E., & Mele, A. (2024). Sustainable production of raw materials from waste cooking oils. RSC Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1039/d4su00372a
Monika, Banga, S., & Pathak, V. V. (2023). Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: A comprehensive review on the application of heterogenous catalysts. Energy Nexus, 10, 100209. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100209
Nurmawati, A., Latief, M., Mahendra, I., Saputro, W., & Saputro, E. A. (2024). Kinetic Study of Biodiesel Purification from Used Cooking Oil Using Activated Carbon. ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering, 24(2), 164–173. https://doi.org/10.22146/ajche.12205
Nursiah, C., Desvita, H., Elviani, E., Farida, N., Muslim, A., Rosnelly, C. M., Mariana, M., & Suhendrayatna, S. (2023). Adsorbent Characterization from Cocoa Shell Pyrolysis (Theobroma cacao L) and its Application in Mercury Ion Reduction. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 24(6), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/163167
Ogbodo, N., Christian, A., Ezema, C., Onoh, I., Elijah, O., Ike, I., & Onoghwarite, O. (2021). Preparation and Characterization of activated carbon from agricultural waste (Musa-paradisiaca peels) for the remediation of crude oil contaminated water. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 2, 100010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2021.100010
Rahman, N., Hashem, S., Akther, S., & Jothi, J. S. (2023). Impact of various extraction methods on fatty acid profile, physicochemical properties, and nutritional quality index of Pangus fish oil. Food Science and Nutrition, 11(8), 4688–4699. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.3431
Raspadewi, N. L. P. D. (2023, May 22). The Potential of Used Cooking Oil as Biodiesel Feedstock in Indonesia. ZonaEBT. https://zonaebt.com/the-potential-of-used-cooking-oil-as-biodiesel-feedstock-in-indonesia/
Rengga, W. D. P., Seubsai, A., Roddecha, S., Yudistira, A., & Wiharto, A. D. (2021). Isotherm adsorption of free fatty acid in waste cooking oil used activated carbon of banana peel as bio-adsorbent. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1918(3). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1918/3/032008
Rohim, A. M., Marwoto, P., Priatmoko, S., & Syifa, A. (2023). Analysis FTIR Test, Viscosity, Density, Acid Number, and Organoleptic in Bulk Cooking Oil with Packaged Cooking Oil. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 9(5), 2613–2618. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i5.2533
Sakaino, M., Sano, T., Kato, S., Shimizu, N., Ito, J., Rahmania, H., Imagi, J., & Nakagawa, K. (2022). Carboxylic acids derived from triacylglycerols that contribute to the increase in acid value during the thermal oxidation of oils. Scientific Reports, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15627-3
SSE Thailand. (2024, November 2). How Bleaching Earth Contributes to the Purification of Edible Oils. https://sse.co.th/how-bleaching-earth-contributes-to-the-purification-of-edible-oils/?srsltid=AfmBOoomKboxkA2Vk7QKrf18-CNBAoz-_LN1MhGF2Z8i4odnSIOH1FLd
Suryani, A. S., Th Tambunan, T., Santosa, B., & Haryanto, J. T. (2024). Circular Economy Approach to the Management of Used Cooking Oil for Biofuel Production. Journal of Economics, Management, Entreprenuer, and Business, 4. https://doi.org/10.52909/jemeb.v4i2.142
Tiegam, R. F. T., Tchuifon Tchuifon, D. R., Santagata, R., Kouteu Nanssou, P. A., Anagho, S. G., Ionel, I., & Ulgiati, S. (2021). Production of activated carbon from cocoa pods: Investigating benefits and environmental impacts through analytical chemistry techniques and life cycle assessment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288, 125464. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125464
Varun, V. K., Mayakrishnan, M., & Somasundaram, M. (2024). Evaluation of the properties of bio-asphalt derived from waste cooking oil and low-density polyethylene through the pyrolysis process. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2024.e03604
Wan, J., Feng, X., Li, B., Wang, M., Tang, X., Chen, J., Rong, J., Ma, S. S., Jiang, Y., & Zhang, Z. (2024). Effects of carbonization temperature and time on the characteristics of carbonized sludge. Water Science and Technology, 89(9), 2342–2366. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2024.119