El Método de los Críticos del Hadiz (al-muḥaddiṯūn) en la evaluación de lasa Transmisiones The Method of Hadith Critics (al-muḥaddiṯūn) in Evaluating Transmissions
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Abstract
This study argues for the importance of the method used by the muḥaddiṯūn to critique hadith as a safeguard for preserving the Sunna and the rigor of Islamic reasoning: it prevents fabrication and error from entering religious discourse, particularly following the expansion of transmission and the fitan (discord). It aims to present the integrated structure of this evaluation, specify its critical tools, and demonstrate its operational logic through an applied case, enabling the reader to acquire methodological competence rather than a merely descriptive understanding. The central question is how the critics developed their criteria for acceptance and rejection, what mechanisms ensure the reliability of the chain of transmission (isnād) and the text (matn), and how they address contradictions, solitary transmission, or additions. The approach is inductive, analytical, and comparative: it compiles transmission routes, analyzes critical criteria, undertakes comparison and weighing (tarŷīḥ) based on indicators, and culminates in the examination of a clause added by a single narrator. There are four findings. Hadith criticism is not a collection of disparate techniques but an integrated system of verification. Authenticity depends not only on the outward appearance of the isnād but also on interdependent criteria: continuity, the narrator’s integrity, accuracy, and the absence of anomalies (šuḏūḏ) and hidden defects (ʿilal). A narrator’s reliability does not imply infallibility; therefore, comparing transmission routes is indispensable for detecting subtle errors. The application of tarŷīḥ is also based on traceable indicators. Thus, the method of the muḥaddiṯūn stands as a robust historical model of disciplined verification.
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