Recent Advances in Lipid Metabolism and Regulations: A Review
Article Sidebar
Page Numbers:
208-224
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i1.5044
Viewed: 1.674 times
Downloaded: 542 times
LYAS Publisher cordially invites qualified professionals to serve as Editors or Reviewers. Your expertise will make an important contribution to maintaining and strengthening the academic quality of our publications. Interested applicants are kindly requested to complete the application form at the following link: Editors & Reviewers
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information about the submission process or if you have any additional questions.
Authors:
Stephen Dio Titus1*, Allahnanan Emmanuel2, Ezeonu Chukwuma Stephen3, Silas Verwiyeh Tatah4, Kayode Adebisi Arowora5 
Copyright :
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is a highly intricate and tightly regulated process essential for cellular function, energy homeostasis, and metabolic balance. It encompasses lipid synthesis (lipogenesis), storage, breakdown (lipolysis and β-oxidation), and transport, all of which are orchestrated by complex regulatory networks involving enzymes, transcription factors, hormones, and environmental influences. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism is implicated in various metabolic disorders, including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. Recent advances in lipidomics, molecular biology, and metabolic engineering have significantly expanded our understanding of lipid metabolism, revealing novel regulatory mechanisms and therapeutic targets. The discovery of non-coding RNAs (e.g., microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs) as modulators of lipid homeostasis has provided new insights into gene regulation, while research on gut microbiome interactions has highlighted the role of microbial metabolites in lipid metabolism. Key metabolic pathways, such as fatty acid synthesis, triglyceride metabolism, cholesterol biosynthesis, and ketogenesis, are controlled by pivotal regulatory elements, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), sterol regulatory element-binding proteins (SREBPs), and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Additionally, cholesterol biosynthesis, transport, and excretion are modulated through intricate feedback mechanisms involving the liver, lipoproteins, and sterol regulatory networks. This review explores the latest advancements in lipid metabolism, including lipidomics applications, regulatory mechanisms, and emerging therapeutic strategies for metabolic disorders. A deeper understanding of lipid metabolic pathways and their regulation will pave the way for novel precision medicine approaches in managing lipid-related diseases and optimizing metabolic health.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Ali, O., & Szabó, A. (2023). Review of eukaryote cellular membrane lipid Composition, with special attention to the fatty acids. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(21), 15693.
Alves, M. A., Lamichhane, S., Dickens, A., McGlinchey, A., Ribeiro, H. C., Sen, P., ... & Orešič, M. (2021). Systems biology approaches to study lipidomes in health and disease. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1866(2), 158857.
Babakr, A. T. (2024). Scavenger receptors: different classes and their role in the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoproteins. Biomed Pharmacol J, 17(2).
Balling, M., Afzal, S., Davey Smith, G., Varbo, A., Langsted, A., Kamstrup, P. R., & Nordestgaard, B. G. (2023). Elevated LDL triglycerides and atherosclerotic risk. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 81(2), 136-152.
Bays, H. E., Kirkpatrick, C., Maki, K. C., Toth, P. P., Morgan, R. T., Tondt, J., ... & Jacobson, T. A. (2024). Obesity, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular disease: A joint expert review from the Obesity Medicine Association and the National Lipid Association 2024. Obesity Pillars, 100108.
Bence, K. K., & Birnbaum, M. J. (2021). Metabolic drivers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Molecular metabolism, 50, 101143.
Bhale, A. S., Meilhac, O., d'Hellencourt, C. L., Vijayalakshmi, M. A., & Venkataraman, K. (2024). Cholesterol transport and beyond: Illuminating the versatile functions of HDL apolipoproteins through structural insights and functional implications. BioFactors.
Boren, J., Taskinen, M. R., Björnson, E., & Packard, C. J. (2022). Metabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in health and dyslipidaemia. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 19(9), 577-592.
Bravo-Ruiz, I., Medina, M. Á., & Martínez-Poveda, B. (2021). From food to genes: transcriptional regulation of metabolism by lipids and carbohydrates. Nutrients, 13(5), 1513.
Castelli, S., De Falco, P., Ciccarone, F., Desideri, E., & Ciriolo, M. R. (2021). Lipid catabolism and ROS in cancer: A bidirectional liaison. Cancers, 13(21), 5484.
de Lima, E. P., Moretti Jr, R. C., Torres Pomini, K., Laurindo, L. F., Sloan, K. P., Sloan, L. A., ... & Barbalho, S. M. (2024). Glycolipid metabolic disorders, metainflammation, oxidative stress, and cardiovascular diseases: unraveling pathways. Biology, 13(7), 519.
Del Gaudio, I., Nitzsche, A., Boyé, K., Bonnin, P., Poulet, M., Nguyen, T. Q., ... & Camerer, E. (2024). Zonation and ligand and dose dependence of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor-1 signalling in blood and lymphatic vasculature. Cardiovascular research, 120(14), 1794-1810.
Duan, Y., Gong, K., Xu, S., Zhang, F., Meng, X., & Han, J. (2022). Regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in health and diseases: from mechanisms to targeted therapeutics. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 265.
Duddu, S., Katakia, Y. T., Chakrabarti, R., Sharma, P., & Shukla, P. C. (2025). New epigenome players in the regulation of PCSK9-H3K4me3 and H3K9ac alterations by statin in hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Lipid Research, 66(1).
Fan, Y., & Pedersen, O. (2021). Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19(1), 55-71.
Folestad, E., & Falkevall, A. (2024). “Regulation of adipose-derived fatty acid fluxes to the liver”-Impact on Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Current Opinion in Endocrine and Metabolic Research, 100559.
Frances, L., Croyal, M., Ruidavets, J. B., Maraninchi, M., Combes, G., Raffin, J., ... & Viguerie, N. (2024). Identification of circulating apolipoprotein M as a new determinant of insulin sensitivity and relationship with adiponectin. International Journal of Obesity, 1-8.
Gątarek, P., & Kałużna-Czaplińska, J. (2024). Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis of plasma lipid metabolism in Parkinson’s disease. Expert Review of Proteomics, 21(1-3), 13-25.
Ghosh, S., Baltussen, M. G., Ivanov, N. M., Haije, R., Jakštaitė, M., Zhou, T., & Huck, W. T. (2024). Exploring emergent properties in enzymatic reaction networks: design and control of dynamic functional systems. Chemical Reviews, 124(5), 2553-2582.
Grewal, T., & Buechler, C. (2022). Emerging insights on the diverse roles of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in chronic liver diseases: Cholesterol metabolism and beyond. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(3), 1070.
Janssen, J. A. (2024). The Causal Role of Ectopic Fat Deposition in the Pathogenesis of Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(24), 13238.
Jia, X., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Li, X., Wang, R., & Wu, S. (2021). Impact of gut microbiota and microbiota-related metabolites on hyperlipidemia. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 634780.
Jiang, W., Jin, W. L., & Xu, A. M. (2024). Cholesterol metabolism in tumor microenvironment: cancer hallmarks and therapeutic opportunities. International Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(6), 2044.
Jo, Y., & DeBose-Boyd, R. A. (2022). Post-translational regulation of HMG CoA reductase. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, 14(12), a041253.
Kaze, A. D., Santhanam, P., Musani, S. K., Ahima, R., & Echouffo‐Tcheugui, J. B. (2021). Metabolic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes mellitus: findings from the look AHEAD study. Journal of the American Heart Association, 10(7), e016947.
Kontush, A. (2024). Cholesterol, Lipoproteins, and Cardiovascular Health: Separating the Good (HDL), the Bad (LDL), and the Remnant. John Wiley & Sons.
Kundu, D., & Halder, K. (2024). Signaling Pathway Governed by Lipid Derived Molecules as Secondary Messenger. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(1), 1-14.
La Sala, L., Carlini, V., Conte, C., Macas-Granizo, M. B., Afzalpour, E., Martin-Delgado, J., ... & Cappato, R. (2024). Metabolic disorders affecting the liver and heart: Therapeutic efficacy of miRNA-based therapies?. Pharmacological Research, 107083.
Lamia, T. H., Shah-Riar, P., Khanam, M., Khair, F., Sadat, A., Tania, M. K., ... & Rahie, R. E. T. (2024). Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors as adjunct therapy to statins: a new frontier in cardiovascular risk reduction. Cureus, 16(10).
Li, B., Mi, J., & Yuan, Q. (2024). Fatty acid metabolism-related enzymes in colorectal cancer metastasis: from biological function to molecular mechanism. Cell Death Discovery, 10(1), 350.
Liu, Y., Wang, Z., Cui, Z., Qi, Q., & Hou, J. (2022). Progress and perspectives for microbial production of farnesene. Bioresource Technology, 347, 126682.
Madaudo, C., Bono, G., Ortello, A., Astuti, G., Mingoia, G., Galassi, A. R., & Sucato, V. (2024). Dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease: a narrative review. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(9), 996.
Mallick, R., Basak, S., Das, R. K., Banerjee, A., Paul, S., Pathak, S., & Duttaroy, A. K. (2024). Fatty acids and their proteins in adipose tissue inflammation. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 82(1), 35-51.
Mansoor, T., Rao, B. H., Gupta, K., Parikh, S. S., Abramov, D., Mehta, A., ... & Koshy, S. K. (2024). Inclisiran as a siRNA Inhibitor of Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 (PCSK9); Past, Present, and Future. American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs, 1-14.
Masood, S., Masood, O., Mujtaba, S. F., & Banerjee, M. (2024). Disorders of Lipid Metabolism. In Clinical Applications of Biomolecules in Disease Diagnosis: A Comprehensive Guide to Biochemistry and Metabolism (pp. 77-100). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Mihajlovic, M., & Vinken, M. (2022). Mitochondria as the target of hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury: molecular mechanisms and detection methods. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(6), 3315.
Nemeth, K., Bayraktar, R., Ferracin, M., & Calin, G. A. (2024). Non-coding RNAs in disease: from mechanisms to therapeutics. Nature Reviews Genetics, 25(3), 211-232.
Nie, T., Wang, X., Li, A., Shan, A., & Ma, J. (2024). The promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation by hesperidin via activating SIRT1/PGC1α to improve NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet. Food & function, 15(1), 372-386.
Paiva, P., Medina, F. E., Viegas, M., Ferreira, P., Neves, R. P., Sousa, J. P., ... & Fernandes, P. A. (2021). Animal fatty acid synthase: a chemical nanofactory. Chemical Reviews, 121(15), 9502-9553.
Rai, M. N., & Rai, R. (2024). H3K4 Methylation and Demethylation in Fungal Pathogens: The Epigenetic Toolbox for Survival and Adaptation in the Host. Pathogens, 13(12), 1080.
Ramatchandirin, B., Pearah, A., & He, L. (2023). Regulation of liver glucose and lipid metabolism by transcriptional factors and coactivators. Life, 13(2), 515.
Shin, K. C., Ali Moussa, H. Y., & Park, Y. (2024). Cholesterol imbalance and neurotransmission defects in neurodegeneration. Experimental & Molecular Medicine, 56(8), 1685-1690.
Sidhu, S. K., & Mishra, S. (2024). A cholesterol-centric outlook on steroidogenesis. In Vitamins and Hormones (Vol. 124, pp. 405-428). Academic Press.
Singh, N., Sahu, K., Gohain, F., & Subba, B. A. (2023) A Review: Cholesterol and its Management. Journal of research administration. 5 (2), 13503-13515.
Singh, S., Sarma, D. K., Verma, V., Nagpal, R., & Kumar, M. (2023). Unveiling the future of metabolic medicine: omics technologies driving personalized solutions for precision treatment of metabolic disorders. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.
Stankov, S., & Cuchel, M. (2023). Gene editing for dyslipidemias: New tools to “cut” lipids. Atherosclerosis, 368, 14-24.
Su, F., & Koeberle, A. (2024). Regulation and targeting of SREBP-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 43(2), 673-708.
Sun, Q., Xing, X., Wang, H., Wan, K., Fan, R., Liu, C., ... & Wang, R. (2024). SCD1 is the critical signaling hub to mediate metabolic diseases: Mechanism and the development of its inhibitors. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 170, 115586.
Tabrez, S., Akand, S. K., Ali, R., Naqvi, I. H., Soleja, N., Mohsin, M., ... & Rub, A. (2024). Leishmania donovani modulates host miRNAs regulating cholesterol biosynthesis for its survival. Microbes and Infection, 105379.
Tani, H. (2024). Recent advances and prospects in RNA drug development. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(22), 12284.
Thambiah, S. C., & Lai, L. C. (2021). Diabetic dyslipidaemia. Practical laboratory medicine, 26, e00248.
Titkare, N., Chaturvedi, S., Borah, S., & Sharma, N. (2024). Advances in mass spectrometry for metabolomics: Strategies, challenges, and innovations in disease biomarker discovery. Biomedical Chromatography, 38(12), e6019.
Torella, L., Santana‐Gonzalez, N., Zabaleta, N., & Gonzalez Aseguinolaza, G. (2024). Gene editing in liver diseases. FEBS letters, 598(19), 2348-2371.
Turchini, G. M., Francis, D. S., Du, Z. Y., Olsen, R. E., Ringø, E., & Tocher, D. R. (2022). The lipids. In Fish nutrition (pp. 303-467). Academic Press.
Vanherle, S., Loix, M., Miron, V. E., Hendriks, J. J., & Bogie, J. F. (2025). Lipid metabolism, remodelling and intercellular transfer in the CNS. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1-18.
Variyam, A. R., Rzycki, M., Nandi, R., Stuchebrukhov, A., Drabik, D., & Amdursky, N. (2025). The role of lipid phase and temperature in proton barrier and proton migration on biological membranes. Chemical Science.
Vekic, J., Zeljkovic, A., Cicero, A. F., Janez, A., Stoian, A. P., Sonmez, A., & Rizzo, M. (2022). Atherosclerosis development and progression: the role of atherogenic small, dense LDL. Medicina, 58(2), 299.
Velingkar, A., Vuree, S., Prabhakar, P. K., Kalashikam, R. R., Banerjee, A., & Kondeti, S. (2023). Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a potential master regulator in metabolic disorders. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 324(5), E409-E424.
Verma, G., Bhushan, B., Singh, G., Singh, K., Kumar, S., Garg, A., & Rajput, P. (2024). Pharmacological Strategies for Enzyme Inhibition in Disease Therapeutics: A Comprehensive Review. Current Enzyme Inhibition, 20(2), 96-108.
Wang, H., Wu, K., Mi, X., Rajput, S. A., & Qi, D. (2023). Effects of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors on cholesterol metabolism in laying hens. Animals, 13(11), 1868.
Wu, H., Wu, X., Zhao, M., Yan, J., Li, C., Zhang, Z., ... & Fei, W. (2024). Regulating Cholesterol in Tumorigenesis: A Novel Paradigm for Tumor Nanotherapeutics. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1055-1076.
Wu, X., Yang, J., Zhang, J., & Song, Y. (2024). Gene editing therapy for cardiovascular diseases. MedComm, 5(7), e639.
Xu, L., Yang, Q., & Zhou, J. (2024). Mechanisms of abnormal lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(15), 8465.
Yilmaz, A., Akyol, S., Ashrafi, N., Saiyed, N., Turkoglu, O., & Graham, S. F. (2025). Lipidomics of Huntington’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Current Status and Future Directions. Metabolites, 15(1), 10.
Yoon, H., Shaw, J. L., Haigis, M. C., & Greka, A. (2021). Lipid metabolism in sickness and in health: Emerging regulators of lipotoxicity. Molecular cell, 81(18), 3708-3730.
Zadeh, S. S. T., & Shapiro, M. D. (2024). Therapeutic Gene Editing in Dyslipidemias. Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine, 25(8), 286.
Zhang, S., Peng, X., Yang, S., Li, X., Huang, M., Wei, S., ... & Fan, Q. (2022). The regulation, function, and role of lipophagy, a form of selective autophagy, in metabolic disorders. Cell death & disease, 13(2), 132.
Zhou, Q., Jin, X., Li, H., Wang, Q., Tao, M., Wang, J., & Cao, Y. (2024). Cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein as a cause of psoriasis: results from bidirectional Mendelian randomization. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 38(4), 710-718.