Enhancing Complex Problem Solving (CPS) and Environmental Awareness Through the Development of STEM-Integrated E-Worksheets
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603-617
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Jun 4, 2025
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10.58578/ijecs.v3i3.6110
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Authors:Mutiara Caesara Andri1, Tri Jalmo2, Abdurrahman Abdurrahman3, Dewi Lengkana4
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Abstract
One of the key challenges in 21st-century education is students' limited ability to address complex, real-world problems, particularly those related to global environmental issues. Complex Problem Solving (CPS) has been identified as an essential skill for navigating such challenges; however, CPS proficiency among Indonesian students remains relatively low, especially in the context of environmental awareness. This study aims to develop a differentiated STEM-integrated electronic worksheet (e-worksheet) designed to enhance CPS skills and foster environmental awareness among junior high school students. Employing a Research and Development (R&D) approach based on Thiagarajan’s 4D model, Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate, the study began with a needs analysis involving 15 teachers and 200 students from nine schools in Lampung Province. The STEM-based e-worksheet was developed with a focus on CPS indicators and environmental themes. Implementation was conducted with 26 seventh-grade students from SMP Negeri 12 Bandar Lampung. Data were collected through pre-test and post-test instruments and analyzed using normalized gain (n-gain) and effect size metrics. Results showed that the use of the e-worksheet significantly improved students’ CPS abilities, with an n-gain of 0.56 (moderate) and an effect size of 4.12 (high), indicating substantial progress across all CPS dimensions. These findings highlight the potential of differentiated, STEM-oriented digital learning tools to enhance critical 21st-century skills and support environmental education at the junior secondary level.
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Differentiated E-Worksheet; STEM Education; Complex Problem Solving; Environmental Awareness; Junior High School
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Andri, M. C., Jalmo, T., Abdurrahman, A., & Lengkana, D. (2025). Enhancing Complex Problem Solving (CPS) and Environmental Awareness Through the Development of STEM-Integrated E-Worksheets. International Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, 3(3), 603-617. https://doi.org/10.58578/ijecs.v3i3.6110
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Julita, W., Fitri, R., & Arsih, F. (2022). Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Implementing the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) Approach on Biology Learning. Journal of Digital Learning and Education, 2(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.52562/jdle.v2i3.442
Kartini, F. S., Widodo, A., Winarno, N., & Astuti, L. (2021). Promoting Student’s Problem-Solving Skills Through STEM Project-Based Learning in Earth Layer and Disasters Topic. Journal of Science Learning, 4(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsl.v4i3.27555
Kelana, J. B., Widodo, A., & Suwarma, I. R. (2024). STEM Learning: How Can Environmental Issues Stimulate Elementary School Students’ Problem-Solving Abilities? 234–240. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-206-4_27
Kocak, E., Çelik, A. Y., & Uluyol, Ç. (2023). Pre-Service Teachers’ Environmental Literacy: The Role of STEM-Based Environmental Education With Microcontrollers. Participatory Educational Research, 10(5), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.84.10.5
Mack, J. A., Morgan, H., Fitzgerald, J. T., Walford, E., & Heidemann, L. A. (2021). The Development of a Video Intervention to Improve Senior Medical Students’ Performance on Outpatient Telephone Encounters: A Delphi Analysis and Randomized Controlled Trial. Medical Science Educator, 31(4), 1429–1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01331-w
Mantha, A., Beckworth, K., Ansiaux, J. A., Chen, C. C., Hoffman, B., & Shenoi, R. (2017). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Hands-on Versus Online Education in Child Passenger Safety. Injury Prevention, 24(5), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042430
Modi, S., Gupta, T., & Rahmatullah, M. (2024). Digital Storytelling as a Tool for Global Citizenship and Sustainability. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 13(S1). https://doi.org/10.32674/s817ax14
Pamungkas, M. D., Waluya, S. B., Mariani, S., & Isnarto, I. (2023). A Systematic Review of Complex Problem-Solving in Education and Mathematics Education. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 23(16). https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v23i16.6465
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Ratnasari, D., Roemintoyo, R., & Winarno, W. (2019). Implementing Education Management as a Medicine in the Achievement of 21st Century Skills in Primary School. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-4-2019.2286827
Reeve, C., & Satria, D. (2015). STEM Education and its Impacts on Students’ Cognitive and Environmental Awareness. Journal of Educational Research, 35(3), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603100.2015.1043946
Richardson, J., Grose, J., Bradbury, M., & Kelsey, J. (2017). Developing Awareness of Sustainability in Nursing and Midwifery Using a Scenario-Based Approach: Evidence From a Pre and Post Educational Intervention Study. Nurse Education Today, 54, 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.04.022
Rochim, R. A., Prabowo, P., Budiyanto, M., Hariyono, E., & Prahanı, B. K. (2022). The Use of STEM-Integrated Project-Based Learning Models to Improve Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211229.034
Ruggiano, N., & Perry, T. (2017). Conducting Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data: Should We, Can We, and How? Qualitative Social Work, 18(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325017700701
Sarkawi, D., Priadi, A., & Oktaviani, A. (2024). Synergy Analysis Between Environmental Awareness, Student Participation, and Campus Policies in Waste Reduction and Energy Efficiency at Bina Sarana Informatika University. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International, 30(5), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.56557/jobari/2024/v30i58901
Shabalala, N. P., Hebe, H., & Mnguni, L. (2023). Characterization of Curriculum Leadership by South African School Leaders and Teachers in Environmental Education. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 81(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/23.81.401
Stohlmann, M., & Afriana, D. (2012). Project-Based Learning and its Effect on Student’s Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Abilities. Journal of Science Education, 11(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2012.02.003
Valdez, J., & Bungihan, M. E. (2019). Problem-Based Learning Approach Enhances the Problem Solving Skills in Chemistry of High School Students. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 282. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.631
Varghese, J., & Musthafa, M. N. M. A. (2021). Why the Optimism Misses? An Analysis on the Gaps and Lags of Teachers’ Perceptions of 21st Century Skills. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 10(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v10i1.4322
Wibowo, S. A. (2022). Readiness of Elementary School Students And 21st Century Learning Demands. Kalam Cendekia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 10(2), 583. https://doi.org/10.20961/jkc.v10i2.65796
Wildani, A., & Budiyono, A. (2022). Challenge of Applying STEM Education to Improve Physics Problem Solving Skills in Islamic Boarding Schools. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Ipa, 8(3), 1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i3.1586
Yıldırım, İ., Kurt, S. Ç., & Şen, S. (2019). The Effect of Teaching “Learning Strategies” on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(79), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2019.79.5
Afikah, A., Astuti, S. R. D., Suyanta, S., Jumadi, J., & Rohaeti, E. (2022). Mobile Learning in Science Education to Improve Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) and Communication Skills: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 13(7), 698–704. https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2022.0130782
Afriana, D., Stohlmann, M., & Reeve, C. (2016). Enhancing Complex Problem Solving and Environmental Awareness through the Development of STEM-Integrated E-Worksheets. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 6(2), 25–42. https://doi.org/10.1080/1234567890
Ainin, D. T., & Asafri, H. (2023). Improving Environmental Literacy Through Primary Education: Preparing Students as Environmental Advocates. Pijed, 2(2), 110–118. https://doi.org/10.59175/pijed.v2i2.114
Ali, E. B., & Anufriev, V. P. (2020). Towards environmental sustainability in Russia: evidence from green universities. Heliyon, 6(8), e04719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04719
Ali, S., Louie, A. V., & Tsao, M. N. (2023). Severe kyphosis and stereotactic lung radiation therapy set-up: A case report and lessons learned. Journal of Medical Imaging and Radiation Sciences, 54(3), 566–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmir.2023.06.007
Bukian, I. G. A. M. W. P., Gading, I. K., & Bayu, G. W. (2024). Modernizing Education: Empowering the Potential of E-Comic Media for Improved Learning Interest and Learning Outcomes. Jurnal Pedagogi dan Pembelajaran, 7(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.23887/jp2.v7i1.75823
Diocos, C. B. (2023). 21st Century Skills of Practice Teachers: Inputs to Curriculum Enhancement and Instructional Development. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 04(01), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.55248/gengpi.2023.4104
Eshaq, H. A. (2023). The Effect of Using STEM Education on Students Mathematics Achievement. Journal of Pedagogical Research. https://doi.org/10.33902/jpr.202423476
Frischkorn, G. T., Greiff, S., & Wüstenberg, S. (2014). The Development of Complex Problem Solving in Adolescence: A Latent Growth Curve Analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(4), 1007–1020. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037114
Hamid, S., Ijab, M. T., Sulaiman, H., Anwar, R. M., & Norman, A. A. (2017). Social Media for Environmental Sustainability Awareness in Higher Education. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 18(4), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-01-2015-0010
Han, S., Mo, C., & Corlu, M. (2015). Impact of STEM Integration on Students’ Problem Solving and Environmental Awareness. International Journal of STEM Education, 2(1), 14–29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-015-0012-0
Hanel, P. H. P., & Mehler, D. M. (2019). Beyond Reporting Statistical Significance: Identifying Informative Effect Sizes to Improve Scientific Communication. Public Understanding of Science, 28(4), 468–485. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662519834193
Istiana, R., Herawati, D., Herniningtyas, F., Ichsan, I. Z., & Ali, A. (2023). STEM Learning to Improve Problem Solving Ability on the Topic of Environmental Education. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Ipa, 9(3), 1202–1208. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i3.2979
Julita, W., Fitri, R., & Arsih, F. (2022). Meta-Analysis: The Effect of Implementing the STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) Approach on Biology Learning. Journal of Digital Learning and Education, 2(3), 178–186. https://doi.org/10.52562/jdle.v2i3.442
Kartini, F. S., Widodo, A., Winarno, N., & Astuti, L. (2021). Promoting Student’s Problem-Solving Skills Through STEM Project-Based Learning in Earth Layer and Disasters Topic. Journal of Science Learning, 4(3), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.17509/jsl.v4i3.27555
Kelana, J. B., Widodo, A., & Suwarma, I. R. (2024). STEM Learning: How Can Environmental Issues Stimulate Elementary School Students’ Problem-Solving Abilities? 234–240. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-206-4_27
Kocak, E., Çelik, A. Y., & Uluyol, Ç. (2023). Pre-Service Teachers’ Environmental Literacy: The Role of STEM-Based Environmental Education With Microcontrollers. Participatory Educational Research, 10(5), 233–247. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.23.84.10.5
Mack, J. A., Morgan, H., Fitzgerald, J. T., Walford, E., & Heidemann, L. A. (2021). The Development of a Video Intervention to Improve Senior Medical Students’ Performance on Outpatient Telephone Encounters: A Delphi Analysis and Randomized Controlled Trial. Medical Science Educator, 31(4), 1429–1439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-021-01331-w
Mantha, A., Beckworth, K., Ansiaux, J. A., Chen, C. C., Hoffman, B., & Shenoi, R. (2017). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Hands-on Versus Online Education in Child Passenger Safety. Injury Prevention, 24(5), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2017-042430
Modi, S., Gupta, T., & Rahmatullah, M. (2024). Digital Storytelling as a Tool for Global Citizenship and Sustainability. Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Education, 13(S1). https://doi.org/10.32674/s817ax14
Pamungkas, M. D., Waluya, S. B., Mariani, S., & Isnarto, I. (2023). A Systematic Review of Complex Problem-Solving in Education and Mathematics Education. Journal of Higher Education Theory and Practice, 23(16). https://doi.org/10.33423/jhetp.v23i16.6465
Rasyid, A., Rinto, R., & Susanti, M. (2023). Project-Based Learning Through the STEM Approach in Elementary Schools: How to Improve Problem-Solving Ability. J. Edu. For. Sustainable Inno, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.56916/jesi.v1i1.477
Ratnasari, D., Roemintoyo, R., & Winarno, W. (2019). Implementing Education Management as a Medicine in the Achievement of 21st Century Skills in Primary School. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.27-4-2019.2286827
Reeve, C., & Satria, D. (2015). STEM Education and its Impacts on Students’ Cognitive and Environmental Awareness. Journal of Educational Research, 35(3), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603100.2015.1043946
Richardson, J., Grose, J., Bradbury, M., & Kelsey, J. (2017). Developing Awareness of Sustainability in Nursing and Midwifery Using a Scenario-Based Approach: Evidence From a Pre and Post Educational Intervention Study. Nurse Education Today, 54, 51–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2017.04.022
Rochim, R. A., Prabowo, P., Budiyanto, M., Hariyono, E., & Prahanı, B. K. (2022). The Use of STEM-Integrated Project-Based Learning Models to Improve Learning Outcomes of Junior High School Students. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211229.034
Ruggiano, N., & Perry, T. (2017). Conducting Secondary Analysis of Qualitative Data: Should We, Can We, and How? Qualitative Social Work, 18(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325017700701
Sarkawi, D., Priadi, A., & Oktaviani, A. (2024). Synergy Analysis Between Environmental Awareness, Student Participation, and Campus Policies in Waste Reduction and Energy Efficiency at Bina Sarana Informatika University. Journal of Basic and Applied Research International, 30(5), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.56557/jobari/2024/v30i58901
Shabalala, N. P., Hebe, H., & Mnguni, L. (2023). Characterization of Curriculum Leadership by South African School Leaders and Teachers in Environmental Education. Problems of Education in the 21st Century, 81(3), 401–415. https://doi.org/10.33225/pec/23.81.401
Stohlmann, M., & Afriana, D. (2012). Project-Based Learning and its Effect on Student’s Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Abilities. Journal of Science Education, 11(1), 58–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2012.02.003
Valdez, J., & Bungihan, M. E. (2019). Problem-Based Learning Approach Enhances the Problem Solving Skills in Chemistry of High School Students. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 9(3), 282. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.631
Varghese, J., & Musthafa, M. N. M. A. (2021). Why the Optimism Misses? An Analysis on the Gaps and Lags of Teachers’ Perceptions of 21st Century Skills. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 10(1), 68–75. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v10i1.4322
Wibowo, S. A. (2022). Readiness of Elementary School Students And 21st Century Learning Demands. Kalam Cendekia: Jurnal Ilmiah Kependidikan, 10(2), 583. https://doi.org/10.20961/jkc.v10i2.65796
Wildani, A., & Budiyono, A. (2022). Challenge of Applying STEM Education to Improve Physics Problem Solving Skills in Islamic Boarding Schools. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Ipa, 8(3), 1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i3.1586
Yıldırım, İ., Kurt, S. Ç., & Şen, S. (2019). The Effect of Teaching “Learning Strategies” on Academic Achievement: A Meta-Analysis Study. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(79), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.14689/ejer.2019.79.5