The Potential of Android Learning Media Based on Visual Representation to Improve Students' Representation and Systems Thinking Skills: A Review From a Student Teacher's Perspective
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618-635
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Jun 5, 2025
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10.58578/ijecs.v3i3.6123
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Authors:Fatynia Ilmiyatni1, Marina Setyarini2, Dewi Lengkana3
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Abstract
Despite growing recognition of the importance of representation and systems thinking skills in science education, limited research has explored the use of Android-based learning media grounded in visual representations to support these competencies. This study aims to characterize Android learning media designed with visual representations and examine perceptions of its effectiveness in enhancing students’ representational and systems thinking skills. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research involved 44 science teachers and 244 junior high school students across Lampung Province, Indonesia. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires, followed by qualitative interviews to elaborate on the initial findings. Data analysis employed appropriate statistical and thematic techniques. The results indicate that both teachers and students hold favorable perceptions of visual representation-based Android learning media, recognizing its potential to support student understanding and cognitive development in science. The study concludes that such media are perceived as effective tools for improving students' abilities in scientific representation and systems thinking. Theoretically, the study contributes to the growing body of literature on educational technology and visual learning tools in science education. Practically, it encourages educators and curriculum developers to integrate these tools to address gaps in students' representational competence and implicit system thinking. Future research is recommended to examine the long-term impacts and effective integration strategies of visual representation-based digital media in diverse learning environments.
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Android Learning Media; Visual Representation; Representation Skills; Systems Thinking Skills; Science Education
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Ilmiyatni, F., Setyarini, M., & Lengkana, D. (2025). The Potential of Android Learning Media Based on Visual Representation to Improve Students’ Representation and Systems Thinking Skills: A Review From a Student Teacher’s Perspective. International Journal of Education, Culture, and Society, 3(3), 618-635. https://doi.org/10.58578/ijecs.v3i3.6123
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Ambarita, D., Nainggolan, E., Tamba, R., & Perangin-Angin, L. (2020). The Development of Learning Media Based Android on Students Development Subject. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-12-2019.2296041
Baydas, O., & Yilmaz, R. M. (2018). Pre-service teachers’ intention to adopt mobile learning: A motivational model. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12521
Bernacki, M. L., Greene, J. A., & Crompton, H. (2020). Mobile technology, learning, and achievement: Advances in understanding and measuring the role of mobile technology in education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60(November 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101827
Boehnert, J. (2018). The visual representation of complexity: Sixteen key characteristics of complex systems. Relating Systems Thinking and Design 7, 347–363. http://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/2737/
Braithwaite, D. W., & Goldstone, R. L. (2015). Effects of Variation and Prior Knowledge on Abstract Concept Learning. Cognition and Instruction, 33(3), 226–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2015.1067215
Camilleri, M. A., & Camilleri, A. C. (2023). Learning from anywhere, anytime: Utilitarian motivations and facilitating conditions for mobile learning. In Technology, Knowledge and Learning (Vol. 28, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-022-09608-8
Chen, C. H., & Tsai, C. C. (2021). In-service teachers’ conceptions of mobile technology-integrated instruction: Tendency towards student-centered learning. Computers and Education, 170, 104224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104224
Creswell, J.W. and Guetterman, T. C. (2019). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Pearson.
Criollo-C, S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á., & Luján-Mora, S. (2021). Mobile learning technologies for education: Benefits and pending issues. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094111
Eilam, B. (2012). System thinking and feeding relations: Learning with a live ecosystem model. Instructional Science, 40(2), 213–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9175-4
Evagorou, M., Erduran, S., & Mäntylä, T. (2015). The role of visual representations in scientific practices: from conceptual understanding and knowledge generation to ‘seeing’ how science works. International Journal of STEM Education, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-015-0024-x
Green, C., Molloy, O., & Duggan, J. (2022). An empirical study of the impact of systems thinking and simulation on sustainability education. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010394
Gunanto, P. E., Sujarwanta, A., & Widowati, H. (2019). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Mobile Learning Berbasis Android pada Materi Invertebrata untuk siswa Kelas X SMA. Jurnal Lentera Pendidikan Pusat Penelitian LPPM UM Metro, 4(2), 72–77. https://ojs.ummetro.ac.id/index.php/lentera/article/view/1087%0Ahttp://files/158/Gunanto et al.
Hakim, D. L., Herman, T., & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2020). The use of mobile learning at SMP Negeri 3 Karawang Barat in improving students’ mathematical representation ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1663(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1663/1/012038
Hernik, J., & Jaworska, E. (2018). the Effect of Enjoyment on Learning. INTED2018 Proceedings, 1(May), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1087
Hill, M., & Sharma, M. D. (2015). Students’ representational fluency at university: A cross-sectional measure of how multiple representations are used by physics students Using the representational fluency survey. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 11(6), 1633–1655. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1427a
Hokayem, H., & Gotwals, A. W. (2016). Early elementary students’ understanding of complex ecosystems: A learning progression approach. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 53(10), 1524–1545. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21336
Kearney, M., Burden, K., & Rai, T. (2015). Investigating teachers’ adoption of signature mobile pedagogies. Computers and Education, 80(February 2019), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.009
Lavi, R., & Dori, Y. J. (2019). Systems thinking of pre- and in-service science and engineering teachers. International Journal of Science Education, 41(2), 248–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1548788
Lestari, S. (2018). Peran Teknologi dalam Pendidikan di Era Globalisasi. Edureligia; Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 2(2), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.33650/edureligia.v2i2.459
Liu, Z. J., Levina, V., & Frolova, Y. (2020). Information visualization in the educational process: Current trends. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(13), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i13.14671
Ma’ruf, M., Setiawan, A., & Suhandi, A. (2019). Identification of Android-based interactive multimedia needs for basic physics content. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2194(December). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139792
Mat, H., & Mustakim, S. S. (2021). The Effectiveness of Virtual Learning to Enhance Higher Order Thinking Skills in Year 5 Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i2/10140
Meliana, D. (2019). Developing an android-based biology learning module utilizing local ecosystem materials to improve thinking skills of senior high school students. 34–41. http://seminar.uny.ac.id/sseis/sites/seminar.uny.ac.id.sseis/files/2019/B-6_T_Aminatun.pdf
Mu, L. ’. (2017). Learning Media Of Applications Design Based Android Mobile Smartphone. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(17), 6576–6585. http://www.ripublication.com
Ningsih, S., & Adesti, A. (2020). Android-Based Mobile Learning: Its Effect on Students’ Learning Achievement. 422(Icope 2019), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200323.099
Pereira, O. R. E., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2013). Survey and analysis of current mobile learning applications and technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 46(2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/2543581.2543594
Petersen, J. E., Frantz, C. M., Tincknell, E., & Canning, C. (2018). An Animated Visual Representation of Real-Time Resource Flows Through a Community Enhances Systems Thinking. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 35(6), 718–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2514
Prabha, S. (2020). Students’ Views on Difficulties in Conceptual Understanding of Science at Secondary Stage. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational & Social Sciences (EPESS), 16, 1–10. www.isres.org
Putranta, H., Supahar, Setiyatna, H., Choiriyah, S., Dwandaru, W. S. B., Widodo, & Warsono. (2021). The Effect of Smartphone Usage Intensity on High School Students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills in Physics Learning. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 18(3), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2021.82
Saputra, M. R. D., & Kuswanto, H. (2019). The effectiveness of Physics Mobile Learning (PML) with HomboBatu theme to improve the ability of diagram representation and critical thinking of senior high school students. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 471–490. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12230a
Seemiller, C., Grace, M., Campagnolo, P. D. B., Alves, I. M. D. R., & De Borba, G. S. (2021). What makes learning enjoyable? Perspectives of today’s college students in the U.S. and Brazil. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2020065267
Setyarini, M., Liliasari, Kadarohman, A., & Martoprawiro, M. A. (2017). the Effectiveness of Stereochemistry Based on 3D Visualization. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 1(XXXVI), 91–101.
Sophia, A., & Yensasnidar. (2019). Android-Based Interactive Learning Multimedia Validity in Genetic Substance and Synthesis Protein for Students of Medical Laboratory Technology ( TLM ). International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 123–126.
Sudjana. (2005). Metode Statistika. Tarsito.
Sulisworo, D., & Toifur, M. (2016). The role of mobile learning on the learning environment shifting at high school in Indonesia. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 10(3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2016.077864
Tamhane, K., Khan, W. T., Tribhuwan, S. R., Burke, A. P., & Take, S. B. (2015). Mobile Learning Application. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(1), 22503153.
Tijsma, G., Hilverda, F., Scheffelaar, A., Alders, S., Schoonmade, L., Blignaut, N., & Zweekhorst, M. (2020). Becoming productive 21st century citizens: A systematic review uncovering design principles for integrating community service learning into higher education courses. Educational Research, 62(4), 390–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1836987
Toetenel, L., & Rienties, B. (2016). Learning Design – creative design to visualise learning activities. Open Learning, 31(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2016.1213626
Treagust, D. F., & Duit, R. (2008). Conceptual change: a discussion of theoretical, methodological and practical challenges for science education. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 3(2), 297–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-008-9090-4
Tytler, R. (2021). The role of visualisation in science: a response to “Science teachers’ use of visual representations”. Studies in Science Education, 57(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2020.1766826
Utami, R. K., & Subiantoro, A. W. (2021). Visual Representations Analysis of Senior High School Biology Textbooks About Plants’ Structure and Function. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Sciences (ICRIEMS 2020), 528(Icriems 2020), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210305.019
Wirjawan, J. V.D., Pratama, D., Pratidhina, E., Wijaya, A., Untung, B., & Herwinarso. (2020). Development of smartphone app as media to learn impulse-momentum topics for high school students. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.1332a
Wu, W., Bakirova, G., & Trifonov, I. (2021). A shift towards visualization in eLearning. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 16(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.20211101.oa11
Yunus, S. R., Tawil, M., Muhiddin, N. H., Muhiddin, S. M. A., & Alim, M. H. (2021). Describing Representation Ability of Prospective Science Teacher Based on Learning Style. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012141
Alimiah, U. S., Mariana, A., & Linuwih, S. (2021). The Use of Android Based M-Learning toward Understanding Concept on Motion System Subject. Journal of Innovative Science Education, 2021(37). http://journal.unnes.ac.id/sju/index.php/jise
Ambarita, D., Nainggolan, E., Tamba, R., & Perangin-Angin, L. (2020). The Development of Learning Media Based Android on Students Development Subject. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.17-12-2019.2296041
Baydas, O., & Yilmaz, R. M. (2018). Pre-service teachers’ intention to adopt mobile learning: A motivational model. British Journal of Educational Technology, 49(1), 137–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12521
Bernacki, M. L., Greene, J. A., & Crompton, H. (2020). Mobile technology, learning, and achievement: Advances in understanding and measuring the role of mobile technology in education. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 60(November 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2019.101827
Boehnert, J. (2018). The visual representation of complexity: Sixteen key characteristics of complex systems. Relating Systems Thinking and Design 7, 347–363. http://openresearch.ocadu.ca/id/eprint/2737/
Braithwaite, D. W., & Goldstone, R. L. (2015). Effects of Variation and Prior Knowledge on Abstract Concept Learning. Cognition and Instruction, 33(3), 226–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370008.2015.1067215
Camilleri, M. A., & Camilleri, A. C. (2023). Learning from anywhere, anytime: Utilitarian motivations and facilitating conditions for mobile learning. In Technology, Knowledge and Learning (Vol. 28, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-022-09608-8
Chen, C. H., & Tsai, C. C. (2021). In-service teachers’ conceptions of mobile technology-integrated instruction: Tendency towards student-centered learning. Computers and Education, 170, 104224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104224
Creswell, J.W. and Guetterman, T. C. (2019). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Pearson.
Criollo-C, S., Guerrero-Arias, A., Jaramillo-Alcázar, Á., & Luján-Mora, S. (2021). Mobile learning technologies for education: Benefits and pending issues. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 11(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11094111
Eilam, B. (2012). System thinking and feeding relations: Learning with a live ecosystem model. Instructional Science, 40(2), 213–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11251-011-9175-4
Evagorou, M., Erduran, S., & Mäntylä, T. (2015). The role of visual representations in scientific practices: from conceptual understanding and knowledge generation to ‘seeing’ how science works. International Journal of STEM Education, 2(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-015-0024-x
Green, C., Molloy, O., & Duggan, J. (2022). An empirical study of the impact of systems thinking and simulation on sustainability education. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(1), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14010394
Gunanto, P. E., Sujarwanta, A., & Widowati, H. (2019). Pengembangan Media Pembelajaran Mobile Learning Berbasis Android pada Materi Invertebrata untuk siswa Kelas X SMA. Jurnal Lentera Pendidikan Pusat Penelitian LPPM UM Metro, 4(2), 72–77. https://ojs.ummetro.ac.id/index.php/lentera/article/view/1087%0Ahttp://files/158/Gunanto et al.
Hakim, D. L., Herman, T., & Kartasasmita, B. G. (2020). The use of mobile learning at SMP Negeri 3 Karawang Barat in improving students’ mathematical representation ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1663(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1663/1/012038
Hernik, J., & Jaworska, E. (2018). the Effect of Enjoyment on Learning. INTED2018 Proceedings, 1(May), 508–514. https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.1087
Hill, M., & Sharma, M. D. (2015). Students’ representational fluency at university: A cross-sectional measure of how multiple representations are used by physics students Using the representational fluency survey. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 11(6), 1633–1655. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2015.1427a
Hokayem, H., & Gotwals, A. W. (2016). Early elementary students’ understanding of complex ecosystems: A learning progression approach. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 53(10), 1524–1545. https://doi.org/10.1002/tea.21336
Kearney, M., Burden, K., & Rai, T. (2015). Investigating teachers’ adoption of signature mobile pedagogies. Computers and Education, 80(February 2019), 48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2014.08.009
Lavi, R., & Dori, Y. J. (2019). Systems thinking of pre- and in-service science and engineering teachers. International Journal of Science Education, 41(2), 248–279. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1548788
Lestari, S. (2018). Peran Teknologi dalam Pendidikan di Era Globalisasi. Edureligia; Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Islam, 2(2), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.33650/edureligia.v2i2.459
Liu, Z. J., Levina, V., & Frolova, Y. (2020). Information visualization in the educational process: Current trends. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 15(13), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i13.14671
Ma’ruf, M., Setiawan, A., & Suhandi, A. (2019). Identification of Android-based interactive multimedia needs for basic physics content. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2194(December). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5139792
Mat, H., & Mustakim, S. S. (2021). The Effectiveness of Virtual Learning to Enhance Higher Order Thinking Skills in Year 5 Students. International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development, 10(2), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarped/v10-i2/10140
Meliana, D. (2019). Developing an android-based biology learning module utilizing local ecosystem materials to improve thinking skills of senior high school students. 34–41. http://seminar.uny.ac.id/sseis/sites/seminar.uny.ac.id.sseis/files/2019/B-6_T_Aminatun.pdf
Mu, L. ’. (2017). Learning Media Of Applications Design Based Android Mobile Smartphone. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 12(17), 6576–6585. http://www.ripublication.com
Ningsih, S., & Adesti, A. (2020). Android-Based Mobile Learning: Its Effect on Students’ Learning Achievement. 422(Icope 2019), 100–103. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200323.099
Pereira, O. R. E., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2013). Survey and analysis of current mobile learning applications and technologies. ACM Computing Surveys, 46(2), 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/2543581.2543594
Petersen, J. E., Frantz, C. M., Tincknell, E., & Canning, C. (2018). An Animated Visual Representation of Real-Time Resource Flows Through a Community Enhances Systems Thinking. Systems Research and Behavioral Science, 35(6), 718–737. https://doi.org/10.1002/sres.2514
Prabha, S. (2020). Students’ Views on Difficulties in Conceptual Understanding of Science at Secondary Stage. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational & Social Sciences (EPESS), 16, 1–10. www.isres.org
Putranta, H., Supahar, Setiyatna, H., Choiriyah, S., Dwandaru, W. S. B., Widodo, & Warsono. (2021). The Effect of Smartphone Usage Intensity on High School Students’ Higher Order Thinking Skills in Physics Learning. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 18(3), 421–438. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2021.82
Saputra, M. R. D., & Kuswanto, H. (2019). The effectiveness of Physics Mobile Learning (PML) with HomboBatu theme to improve the ability of diagram representation and critical thinking of senior high school students. International Journal of Instruction, 12(2), 471–490. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2019.12230a
Seemiller, C., Grace, M., Campagnolo, P. D. B., Alves, I. M. D. R., & De Borba, G. S. (2021). What makes learning enjoyable? Perspectives of today’s college students in the U.S. and Brazil. Journal of Pedagogical Research, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.33902/JPR.2020065267
Setyarini, M., Liliasari, Kadarohman, A., & Martoprawiro, M. A. (2017). the Effectiveness of Stereochemistry Based on 3D Visualization. Cakrawala Pendidikan, 1(XXXVI), 91–101.
Sophia, A., & Yensasnidar. (2019). Android-Based Interactive Learning Multimedia Validity in Genetic Substance and Synthesis Protein for Students of Medical Laboratory Technology ( TLM ). International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies, 123–126.
Sudjana. (2005). Metode Statistika. Tarsito.
Sulisworo, D., & Toifur, M. (2016). The role of mobile learning on the learning environment shifting at high school in Indonesia. International Journal of Mobile Learning and Organisation, 10(3), 159–170. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMLO.2016.077864
Tamhane, K., Khan, W. T., Tribhuwan, S. R., Burke, A. P., & Take, S. B. (2015). Mobile Learning Application. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 5(1), 22503153.
Tijsma, G., Hilverda, F., Scheffelaar, A., Alders, S., Schoonmade, L., Blignaut, N., & Zweekhorst, M. (2020). Becoming productive 21st century citizens: A systematic review uncovering design principles for integrating community service learning into higher education courses. Educational Research, 62(4), 390–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131881.2020.1836987
Toetenel, L., & Rienties, B. (2016). Learning Design – creative design to visualise learning activities. Open Learning, 31(3), 233–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/02680513.2016.1213626
Treagust, D. F., & Duit, R. (2008). Conceptual change: a discussion of theoretical, methodological and practical challenges for science education. Cultural Studies of Science Education, 3(2), 297–328. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11422-008-9090-4
Tytler, R. (2021). The role of visualisation in science: a response to “Science teachers’ use of visual representations”. Studies in Science Education, 57(1), 129–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057267.2020.1766826
Utami, R. K., & Subiantoro, A. W. (2021). Visual Representations Analysis of Senior High School Biology Textbooks About Plants’ Structure and Function. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Research, Implementation, and Education of Mathematics and Sciences (ICRIEMS 2020), 528(Icriems 2020), 123–128. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.210305.019
Wirjawan, J. V.D., Pratama, D., Pratidhina, E., Wijaya, A., Untung, B., & Herwinarso. (2020). Development of smartphone app as media to learn impulse-momentum topics for high school students. International Journal of Instruction, 13(3), 17–30. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.1332a
Wu, W., Bakirova, G., & Trifonov, I. (2021). A shift towards visualization in eLearning. International Journal of Web-Based Learning and Teaching Technologies, 16(6), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4018/IJWLTT.20211101.oa11
Yunus, S. R., Tawil, M., Muhiddin, N. H., Muhiddin, S. M. A., & Alim, M. H. (2021). Describing Representation Ability of Prospective Science Teacher Based on Learning Style. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1899(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1899/1/012141