Early Intervention as the Foundation for Early Childhood Math Learning
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines the effects of focused instructional strategies on young children’s conceptual growth in mathematical reasoning and explores how early numeracy abilities influence later mathematical achievement and broader cognitive development. Drawing on empirical research from diverse educational settings, it compares traditional instruction and play-based learning (PBL), both of which are shown to support the development of early arithmetic skills, with particular attention to student engagement, cognitive growth, and numeracy competence. The review analyzes how early mathematical skills, such as number sense, spatial reasoning, and problem-solving—shape academic performance into adolescence and discusses the roles of play-based learning, technology-enhanced approaches, and structured instruction in fostering these foundational concepts. Employing a qualitative approach, the study synthesizes relevant literature on cognitive readiness, early childhood mathematics development, instructional and play-based interventions, and conceptual growth in early mathematics, as well as the longitudinal impact of early childhood mathematics on later academic outcomes. Overall, the findings underscore early intervention as a critical foundation for early childhood mathematics learning and highlight the need for carefully designed pedagogical strategies that integrate play, explicit instruction, and rich learning environments to optimize young children’s mathematical and cognitive development.

Citation Metrics:


Downloads
Article Details

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Adam, H. B. (2024). The impact of early math and numeracy skills on academic achievement in elementary school. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(4), 97–107. https://www.ijams-bbp.net/archive/vol-4-issue-4-april/the-impact-of-early-math-and-numeracy-skills-on-academic-achievement-in-elementary-school/
Adawurah, M. (2025). Enhancing early numeracy through play-based learning: A case study using counting games and visual aids in a Ghanaian kindergarten classroom [Preprint]. Research Square. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6787623/v1
Ahmad, N. I. N., & Junaini, S. N. (2020). Augmented reality for learning mathematics: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(16), 106–122. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v15i16.14961
Aragón, E., Navarro, J. I., Aguilar, M., Cerda, G., & García-Sedeño, M. (2016). Predictive model for early math skills based on structural equations. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(6), 489–494. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12317
Atakpo, T. E. (2020). Early childhood developmental experiences as a tool for combating future security challenges in Nigeria. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 10(1), 198–205. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2020-0018
Atakpo, T. E. (2024). Digital natives and digitalization for building early childhood education future in Nigeria. International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 8(11), 3657–3663. https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/digital-natives-and-digitalization-for-building-early-childhood-education-future-in-nigeria/
Bailey, D. H., Duncan, G. J., Cunha, Flávio, Foorman, B. R., & Yeager, D. S. (2020). Persistence and fade-out of educational-intervention effects: Mechanisms and potential solutions. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 21(2), 55–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100620915848
Björklund, C., van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, M., & Kullberg, A. (2020). Research on early childhood mathematics teaching and learning. ZDM Mathematics Education, 52(4), 607–619. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-020-01177-3
Cahoon, A., Simsek, E., Gilmore, C., & Simms, V. (2025). The cognitive and numerical predictors of early mathematical achievement: A latent growth curve analysis. Journal of Cognition and Development, 26(3), 443–463. https://doi.org/10.1080/15248372.2024.2434036
Cameron, C. E., Kim, H., Duncan, R. J., Becker, D. R., & McClelland, M. M. (2019). Bidirectional and co-developing associations of cognitive, mathematics, and literacy skills during kindergarten. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 62, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2019.02.004
Claessens, A., & Engel, M. (2013). How important is where you start? Early mathematics knowledge and later school success. Teachers College Record, 115, 060306.
Clark, C. A. C., Sheffield, T. D., Wiebe, S. A., & Espy, K. A. (2013). Longitudinal associations between executive control and developing mathematical competence in preschool boys and girls. Child Development, 84(2), 662–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01854.x
Clements, D. H., & Sarama, J. (2011). Early childhood mathematics intervention. Science, 333(6045), 968–970. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1204537
Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P., Pagani, L. S., Feinstein, L., Engel, M., Brooks-Gunn, J., Sexton, H., Duckworth, K., & Japel, C. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43(6), 1428–1446. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1428
Geary, D. C., vanMarle, K., Chu, F. W., Rouder, J., Hoard, M. K., & Nugent, L. (2018). Early conceptual understanding of cardinality predicts superior school-entry number-system knowledge. Psychological Science, 29(2), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617729817
Hübner, N., Merrell, C., Cramman, H., Little, J., Bolden, D., & Nagengast, B. (2022). Reading to learn? The co-development of mathematics and reading during primary school. Child Development, 93(6), 1760–1776. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13817
Hutchison, J. E., Tabrizian, B., Bajnauth, N., Avdellas, A., Phillips, D., & Lyons, I. M. (2025a). A meta-analysis of the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between executive functioning and math in early childhood. Journal of Numerical Cognition, 11, Article e14335, 1–28. https://doi.org/10.5964/jnc.14335
Hutchison, J. E., Tabrizian, B., Bajnauth, N., Avdellas, A., Phillips, D., & Lyons, I. M. (2025b). A meta-analysis of the cross-sectional and longitudinal relations between executive functioning and math in early childhood. Journal of Numerical Cognition, 11, Article e14335. https://doi.org/10.5964/jnc.14335
Linder, S. M., & Simpson, A. (2018). Towards an understanding of early childhood mathematics education: A systematic review of the literature. Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 19(3), 274–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463949117719553
Liu, Y., Peng, P., & Yan, X. (2025). Early numeracy and mathematics development: A longitudinal meta-analysis on the predictive nature of early numeracy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 117(6), 863–883. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000925
Louw, J., & Claassens, H. (2025). Enhancing mathematical skills of learners in the early childhood phase through play-based learning. Journal of Education and Learning, 14(2), 172–185. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v14n2p172
MacDonald, A., & Carmichael, C. (2017). Early mathematical competencies and later achievement: Insights from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children. Mathematics Education Research Journal, 29(4), 397–414. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13394-017-0230-6
Medwell, C. (2023). Play-based learning in the early years classroom [Webinar]. Cambridge International Education.
Meylani, R. (2024). Mathematical thinking and learning in early childhood: A consolidated qualitative synthesis of cutting-edge research literature. Journal of Qualitative Research in Education, 40, 82–127. https://doi.org/10.14689/enad.40.1966
National Research Council. (2009). Mathematics learning in early childhood: Paths toward excellence and equity. The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/12519
Onoshakpokaiye, E. O. (2007). Promoting good beginnings of early childhood mathematics. Journal of Educational Research and Policies, 2(3), 36–38.
Onoshakpokaiye, E. O. (2020). Methods to build, develop mathematical concepts and skills in the early childhood mathematics in Nigeria. Journal Plus Education, XXVII(2), 211–225.
Onoshakpokaiye, E. O. (2023). Early childhood mathematics: An insight into strategies for developing young children mathematical skills. Mathematics Education Journals, 7(1), 16–30.
Onoshakpokaiye, E. O. (2025). The effective mathematics teaching: The roadmap to developing pupils’ interest and understanding of mathematics. Journal Plus Education, XXXVII(1), 369–380.
Peng, P., Lin, X., Ünal, Z. E., Lee, K., Namkung, J., Chow, J., & Sales, A. (2020). Examining the mutual relations between language and mathematics: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(7), 595–634. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000231
Purpura, D. J., & Reid, E. E. (2016). Mathematics and language: Individual and group differences in mathematical language skills in young children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 36, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2015.12.020
Ribner, A. D., Willoughby, M. T., Blair, C. B., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2017). Executive function buffers the association between early math and later academic skills. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, Article 869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00869
Sarama, J., & Clements, D. H. (2015). Learning and teaching early math: The learning trajectories approach. Routledge.
Siegler, R. S., & Braithwaite, D. W. (2017). Numerical development. Annual Review of Psychology, 68, 187–213. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044101
Simanowski, S., & Krajewski, K. (2019). Specific preschool executive functions predict unique aspects of mathematics development: A 3-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 90(2), 544–561. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12909
Svane, R. P., Willemsen, M. M., Bleses, D., Krøjgaard, P., Verner, M., & Nielsen, H. S. (2023). A systematic literature review of math interventions across educational settings: From early childhood education to high school. Frontiers in Education, 8, Article 1229849. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1229849
Ugalde, A. B., & Manginga, A. M. G. (2024). Exploring the efficacy of play-based approaches for enhancing numeracy instruction: A literature review. Cognizance: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 4(3), Article 025. https://doi.org/10.47760/cognizance.2024.v04i03.025
University of Education Winneba. (2025). Enhancing early numeracy through play-based learning: A case study using counting games and visual aids in a Ghanaian kindergarten classroom.
Vogt, F., Hauser, B., Stebler, R., Rechsteiner, K., & Urech, C. (2018). Learning through play pedagogy and learning outcomes in early childhood mathematics. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 26(4), 589–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2018.1487160
Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., Chen, M., Claessens, A., Davis-Kean, P. E., Duckworth, K., Engel, M., Siegler, R. S., & Susperreguy, M. I. (2015). The role of mediators in the development of longitudinal mathematics achievement associations. Child Development, 86, 1892–1907. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12416
Yildiz, E., Koca, Ö., & Elaldi, Ş. (2025). Effectiveness of early intervention programs in developing early mathematical skills: A meta-analysis. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 18(1), 54–80. https://doi.org/10.30831/akukeg.1462376














