A Study on the Comparative Diagnostic Performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rapid Diagnostic Technique and Microscopy in the three Northern Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria
Article Sidebar
Page Numbers:
682-700
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/mikailalsys.v3i2.5442
Viewed: 215 times
Downloaded: 210 times
LYAS Publisher cordially invites qualified professionals to serve as Editors or Reviewers. Your expertise will make an important contribution to maintaining and strengthening the academic quality of our publications. Interested applicants are kindly requested to complete the application form at the following link: Editors & Reviewers
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information about the submission process or if you have any additional questions.
Authors:Chibuzor Obiorah Sylvester1, Allahnanan Emmanuel2*, Peace Christopher Njideka3, Chukwuebuka Igboaka Duke4
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study is conducted to compare diagnostic performance of Polymerase Chain Reaction, Rapid Diagnostic Techniqu`e and Microscopy. Nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy methods were used to screen for P. falciparum in the study populations. From site Jalingo, 85(75.9%), 70(62.5%) and 97(86.6%) samples were positive using nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy, while 27(24.1%), 42(37.5%) and 15(13.4%) were negative respectively. For site Zing, 85(73.3%) were positive for PCR, while 31(26.7%) were negative; 81(69.8) were positive for RDT and 35(30.1) were negative, while 104(89.7%) were positive with Microscopy and 12(10.3%) negative. Also, 82(75.2%), 50(45.9%) and 103(94.5%) were positive respectively for nested PCR, RDT and Microscopy, while 27(24.8%), 59(54.9%) and 6(5.5%) were negative respectively for the methods from site Lau. In all, microscopy method record the highest number of positive samples. The number of True Positive (TP) and True Negative (TN) recorded are 85 and 11 for PCR and 75 and 5 for Microscopy in Jalingo, 85 and 14 for PCR and 77 and 4 for Microscopy in Zing and 82 and 9 for PCR and 82 and 6 for Microscopy in Lau. The specificity and sensitivity of RDT from Jalingo, Zing and Lau are respectively 47.8% & 95.5%, 51.8% & 95.5% and 50.0% & 96.9%. Also, the specificity and sensitivity of Microscopy are 18.55% & 88.2%, 12.9% & 90.6% and 22.2% and 100% respectively. Owing to the higher sensitivity of the PCR method compared to Microscopy and RDT, P. falciparum detection by PCR was used as the reference method. From study site Jalingo, 22 (19.6%) and 5 (4.5%) false positive results Microscopy and RDT were negative for PCR and 10 (4.5%) and 20 (9.0%) false negatives Microscopy and RDT. This shows that Microscopy has a four-fold false positive detection error rate than RDT, while RDT has a two-fold false negative detection error rate. 56 (50%) were positive for the three methods. From study site Zing, the number of false positive for Microscopy and RDT are respectively 27 (23.3%) and 8 (6.9%), while PCR corrected that were false negatives were 8 (6.9%) and 12 (10.3%) respectively. Also from site Lau, 21 (19.3%) false positives were recorded for Microscopy, while only 2 (1.8%) were recorded for RDT. Microscopy had 0 (0%) false negatives while RDT has 34 (31.2%) that were nested PCR corrected. The same trend in the number of false positives and false negatives was observed in all the three sites, while Microscopy generally has higher false positive rate, RDT has a higher false negative rate. This study underscores the clinical utility of hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria management, particularly in resource-limited settings like Nigeria. The findings highlight the importance of comprehensive diagnostic approaches and suggest integrating these adjunct tools into malaria treatment protocols to enhance patient care and outcomes.
Citation Metrics:
Downloads
Citation Metrics & Similar Scopus Articles
-
Tan S. (2027)Ultramicropore-Confined Solvation and Interphase Regulation Unlock High-Performance Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium-Ion BatteriesNano Micro Letters, 19(1)
-
Liu S. (2027)Dual-Ion Co-Storage via Solvation Structure Tuning Toward Ultrafast and Durable Zinc-Organic BatteriesNano Micro Letters, 19(1)
-
Meykadeh S. (2027)The effect of gender on L1-L2 syntactic processing in Turkish-Persian balanced Bilinguals using fMRILanguage Related Research, 17(4), 167-202
Article Details
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Adeneye, A. K., Jegede, A. S., Mafe, M. A., & Nwokocha, E. E. (2020). Knowledge and Utilisation of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets and Intermittent Preventive Treatment of Malaria in Pregnancy among Preg-nant Women and Children Under Five Years in Selected Communities of Ogun State, Nigeria. Int J Trop Dis, 3, 040.
Adeneye, A. K., Jegede, A. S., Mafe, M. A., & Nwokocha, E. E. (2007). A Pilot Study to Evaluate a Malaria Control Stretegies in Ogun State, Nigeria. World Health and Population. Vol. 9 (2), pp. 83-94.
Adiel, T., Chessed, G., Buduwara, J. H., Sami, R. and Tafem, M. L. (2021). Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices on Malaria in Farming Communities of Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State Nigeria. South Asian Journal of Parasitology. 4(3):101-108.
Aditya, G. and Saha, G. K. (2006). Predation of the beetle Rhantus sikkimensis (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) on the larvae of Chironomus Meigen (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Darjeeling Himalayas of India. Limnologica 36:251–257
Afolabi, B. M., Salako, L. A., Mafe, A. G., Ovwigho, U. B., Rabiu, K. A., Sanyaolu, N. O., & Ibrahim, M. M. (2001). Malaria in the first 6 months of life in urban African infants with anemia. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene, 65(6), 822-827.–5.
Ayyadevara, R. (2022). Effect of Malaria on Biochemical and Hematological Parameters: A Hospital-based Case–Control Study. MRIMS Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), 41-46.
Babiker, H. A. and Walliker, D. (1997). Current views on the population structure of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for control. Parasitol Today. 13:262–7.
Baker, J., Ho, M. F., Pelecanos, A., Gatton, M., Chen, N., Abdullah, S. (2010). Global sequence variation in the histidine-rich proteins 2 and 3 of Plasmodium falciparum: implications for the performance of malaria rapid diagnostic tests. Malar J. 9:129.
Ballou, W. R., Arevalo-Herrera, M., Carucci, D., Richie, T. L., Corradin, G., Diggs, C., ... & Cohen, J. D. (2004). Update on the clinical development of candidate malaria vaccines. The Intolerable Burden of Malaria II: What's New, What's Needed: Supplement to Volume 71 (2) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene..
Batra, C. P., Mittal, P. K., Adak, T. and Ansari, M. A. (2005). Efficacy of IGR compound Starycide 480 SC (Triflumuron) against mosquito larvae in clear and polluted water. J Vect Borne Dis 42:109–116
Berzosa, P., de Lucio, J., Romay-Barja, M., Herrador, Z., González, V. and García, L. (2018). Comparison of three diagnostic methods (microscopy, RDT, and PCR) for the detection of malaria parasites in representative samples from Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 17:333.
Beshir, K. B., Diallo, N. and Sutherland, C.J. (2018). Identifying recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum in treated malaria patients by real-time PCR and high resolution melt analysis of genetic diversity. Sci Rep. 8:10097.
Beyrer, C., Villar, J. C., Suwanvanichkij, V., Singh, S., Baral, S. D., & Mills, E. J. (2007). Neglected diseases, civil conflicts, and the right to health. The Lancet, 370(9587), 619-627.
Bhatt, S., Weiss, D. J., Cameron, E., Bisanzio, D, Mappin, B., Dalrymple, U. (2015). The effect of malaria control on Plasmodium falciparum in Africa between 2000 and 2015. Nature. 526:207211.
Bloland, P. (2001). Drug Resistance in Malaria. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases. 41:45-53.
Boctor, F. N. (2005). Red blood cell exchange transfusion as an adjunct treatment for severe pediatric falciparum malaria, using automated or manual procedures. Pediatrics. 116(4):e592–5.
Bouma, M. J., Poveda, G., Rojas, W., Chavasse, D., Quinones, M., Cox, J., & Patz, J. (1997). Predicting high‐risk years for malaria in Colombia using parameters of El Niño Southern Oscillation. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 2(12), 1122-1127.
Bousema, T., Griffin, J. T., Sauerwein, R. W., Smith, D. L., Churcher, T. S. and Takken, W. (2012). Hitting hotspots: spatial targeting of malaria for control and elimination. PLoS Med. 9:e1001165.
Bouyou-Akotet, M. K., Mawili-Mboumba, D. P., Kendjo, E., Mabika-Mamfoumbi, M., Ngoungou, E. B., Dzeing-Ella, A., ... & Kombila, M. (2009). Evidence of decline of malaria in the general hospital of Libreville, Gabon from 2000 to 2008. Malaria journal, 8, 1-7.
Federal Ministry of Health (2005). Federal Ministry of Health, National Malaria Control Programme/FMOH/2005 Annual Report, January, 2005: 3.
Inoue, J., Silva, M., Fofana, B., Sanogo, K., Martensson, A., Sagara, I. (2018). Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin 2 duplications, West Africa. Emerg Infect Dis. 24:8.
Integrated Disease Vector Control Project: A profile (2007) National Institute of Malaria Research. Delhi, India, p 160
Ito, J., Ghosh, A., Moreira, L.A., Wimmer, E.A., Jacobs-Lorena, M. (2002). Transgenic anopheline mosquitoes impaired in transmission of a malaria parasite. Nature 417:452–455
Jakeman, G. N., Saul, A., Hogarth, W. L., Collins, W. E. (1999). Anaemia of acute malaria infections in nonimmune patients primarily results from destruction of uninfected erythrocytes. Parasitology. 119(2):127–33.
Jana-Kara, B. R., Jihullah, W. A., Shahi, B., Dev, V., Curtis, C. F., & Sharma, V. P. (1995). Deltamethrin impregnated bednets against Anopheles minimus transmitted malaria in Assam, India. The Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 98(2), 73-83.
Kamau, E., Campino, S., Amenga-Etego, L., Drury, E., Ishengoma, D., Johnson, K. (2015). K13-propeller polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum parasites from sub-Saharan Africa. J Infect Dis. 211:1352–5.
Luchavez, J., Baker, J., Alcantara, S., Belizario, V. Jr., Cheng, Q. and McCarthy, J.S. (2011). Laboratory demonstration of a prozone-like effect in HRP2-detecting malaria rapid diagnostic tests: implications for clinical management. Malaria Journal. 10:286 Epub 2011/10/01. 10.1186/1475- 2875-10-286.
McKenzie, F. E., Prudhomme, W. A., Magill, A. J., Forney, J. R., Permpanich, B. and Lucas, C (2005). White blood cell counts and malaria. J Infect Dis. 192(2):323–30.
McKenzie, F. E., Sirichaisinthop, J., Miller, R. S., Gasser, R. Jalingo., Jr, and Wongsrichanalai, L. (2003). Dependence of malaria detection and species diagnosis by microscopy on parasite density. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene. 69(4):372–376.
Obiorah S. C., Elkanah O. S., Onyeuku O. C., Elkanah D. S. and Egeonu, S. U. (2021). Performance of Rapid Diagnosis Technique (RDT) in Screening Malaria Among Patients of Selected Health Facilities in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State. Central African Journal of Public Health. 7(4):222-226.
Ogunfowokan, O., Ogunfowokan, B. A. & Nwajei, A. I. (2020). Sensitivity and specificity of malaria rapid diagnostic test (mRDT CareStatTM) compared with microscopy amongst under five children attending a primary care clinic in southern Nigeria. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine, 12(1).
Reyburn, H., Mbakilwa, H., Mwangi, R., Mwerinde, O., Olomi, R., Drakeley, C., & Whitty, C. J. (2007). Rapid diagnostic tests compared with malaria microscopy for guiding outpatient treatment of febrile illness in Tanzania: randomised trial. Bmj, 334(7590), 403.
Sambo, E. O., Chibuozor, O. S., Chinwe, O. O., Sambo, E. D., & Ugoeze, E. S. Haematological Derrangement Due to P. falciparum Infection in Patients of Selected Health Centres in Ardo-Kola Local Government Area, Taraba State.
Snow, R. W., & Marsh, K. (1998). New insights into the epidemiology of malaria relevant for disease control. British medical bulletin, 54(2), 293-309.
Snow, R. W., & Noor, A. M. (2015). Malaria risk mapping in Africa: The historical context to the Information for Malaria (INFORM) project. Nairobi: UKaid and the Wellcome Trust.
Snow, R. W., Bastos de Azevedo, I., Lowe, B. S., Kabiru, E. W., Nevill, C. G. Mwankusye, S. (1994). Severe childhood malaria in two areas of markedly different falciparum transmission in east Africa. Acta Trop. 57(4):289–300.
Snow, R. W., Guerra, C. A., Noor, A. M., Myint, H. Y., Hay, S. I. (2005). The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature. 434(7030):214–7.
Snow, R. W., Omumbo, J. A., Lowe, B., Molyneux, C. S., Obiero, J. O. and Palmer, A. (1997). Relation between severe malaria morbidity in children and level of Plasmodium falciparum transmission in Africa. Lancet. 349(9066):1650–4.