A Review on Antiplasmodial Activities of Hyptis suaveolens Plant
Article Sidebar
Page Numbers:
186-200
Published:
Mar 23, 2026
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9359
Save this to:
Article Metrics:
Viewed: 82 times
Downloaded: 63 times
Article can trace at:
Author Fee:
Free Publication Fees for Foreign Researchers (USD 0.00)
Check for article on SINTA:
LYAS Publisher cordially invites qualified professionals to serve as Editors or Reviewers. Your expertise will make an important contribution to maintaining and strengthening the academic quality of our publications. Interested applicants are kindly requested to complete the application form at the following link: Editors & Reviewers
Connected Papers:
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information about the submission process or if you have any additional questions.
Authors:Dauda Danlami1, Ruqayyah Hamidu Muhammad2, Kabir Mustapha Umar3
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Hyptis suaveolens (L.), a member of the Lamiaceae family, has long been used in traditional medicine and has recently attracted increasing attention for its antimalarial potential. This review synthesizes existing evidence on the antimalarial properties of H. suaveolens, with particular emphasis on its bioactive constituents, including flavonoids, terpenoids, and essential oils, which have demonstrated notable activity against malaria parasites. Evidence from both in vitro and in vivo studies indicates that extracts of H. suaveolens can inhibit Plasmodium species, particularly Plasmodium falciparum, the major causative agent of human malaria. The review further examines the proposed mechanisms underlying these effects, including inhibition of parasite growth, cytotoxic activity, and immunomodulatory responses. In addition, it highlights key challenges that must be addressed for therapeutic development, notably the standardization of plant extracts, clarification of toxicity profiles, and the need for rigorous clinical trials. Overall, the review underscores the promise of H. suaveolens as a potential source of novel antimalarial agents and contributes to ongoing efforts to identify plant-based alternatives for malaria treatment.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Danlami, D., Muhammad, R. H., & Umar, K. M. (2026). A Review on Antiplasmodial Activities of Hyptis suaveolens Plant. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 3(1), 186-200. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v3i1.9359
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
1. Abagli, A. Z., & Alavo, T. B. C. (2011). Essential oil from bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens, is as effective as DEET for personal protection against mosquito bites. The Open Entomology Journal, 5(1), 45–48. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874407901105010045
2. Abagli, A. Z., Alavo, T. B. C., Avlessi, F., & Moudachirou, M. (2012). Potential of the bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens essential oil for personal protection against mosquito biting. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.2987/11-6181.1
3. Abok, J. I., Ombugadu, A., & Angbalaga, G. A. (2018). Hyptis suaveolens extract exhibits larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(5), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i5.8
4. Adebayo, J. O., Santana, A. E. G., & Krettli, A. U. (2012). Evaluation of the antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity potentials of husk fiber extracts from Cocos nucifera, a medicinal plant used in Nigeria to treat human malaria. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 31(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111424298
5. Aliyu, A. A., Ombugadu, A., Ezuluebo, V. C., Ahmed, H. O., Ashigar, A. M., Ayuba, S. O., Aimankhu, O. P., Maikenti, J. I., Odey, S. A., Pam, V. A., Uzoigwe, N. R., & Osuagwu, O. S. (2022). Insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (bush mint) on Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Zoological Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4663
6. Amaka, J. I., Attah, D. D., Obisike, V. U., & Benedict, A. G. (2018). Evaluation of the larvicidal potential of the leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit against Anopheles mosquitoes. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology, 1(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2018/v1i229676
7. Ayuko, T., Njau, R., Cornelius, W., Leah, N., & Ndiege, I. (2009). In vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity assessment of plant extracts used in traditional malaria therapy in the Lake Victoria region. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104(5), 689–694. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000500004
8. Botsaris, A. (2007). Plants used traditionally to treat malaria in Brazil: The archives of flora medicinal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-18
9. Chigor, C. B. (2018). Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant potential of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit leaf. Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences, 2(2), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.25240/tjans.2018.2.2.07
10. Cock, I. E., Mavuso, N., & van Vuuren, S. F. (2021). A review of plant-based therapies for the treatment of urinary tract infections in traditional Southern African medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7341124
11. Dawet, A., Anyanwu, I. G., Dede, M. P., Uzoigwe, N. R., & Onyekwelu, N. A. (2012). In vivo antimalarial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Hyptis suaveolens Poit on Plasmodium berghei in mice. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i1.11
12. Eshilokun, A. O., Kasali, A. A., & Giwa-Ajeniya, A. O. (2005). Chemical composition of essential oils of two Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit leaves from Nigeria. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(5), 528–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1452
13. Essoh, A. P., Cassiano, G. C., Mandim, F., Barros, L., Gomes, I., Medeiros, M. M., Moura, M., Cravo, P. V. L., & Romeiras, M. M. (2023). Antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of native plants used in Cabo Verde traditional medicine. Plants, 12(4), Article 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040963
14. Fernández-Calienes, A., Pellón, R., Docampo, M., Fascio, M., D’Accorso, N., Maes, L., … & Rojas, L. (2011). Antimalarial activity of new acridinone derivatives. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 65(3), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.001
15. Galarraga-Vinueza, M. E., Mesquita-Guimarães, J., Magini, R. S., Souza, J. C. M., Fredel, M. C., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2018). Mesoporous bioactive glass embedding propolis and cranberry antibiofilm compounds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106(6), 1614–1625. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36352
16. Ghaffari, H., Ghassam, B. J., Nayaka, S. C., Kini, K. R., & Prakash, H. S. (2014). Antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 34(3), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-013-0016-7
17. Girma, B., Bisrat, D., & Asres, K. (2015). Antimalarial evaluation of the leaf latex of Aloe citrina and its major constituent. Ancient Science of Life, 34(3), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.157158
18. Gitahi, S., Ngugi, M., Mburu, D., & Machocho, A. (2021). Contact toxicity effects of selected organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Vernonia lasiopus (O. Hoffm.) against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). International Journal of Zoology, 2021, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8814504
19. Guantai, E., Ncokazi, K., Egan, T., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P., Bhampidipati, R., … & Chibale, K. (2011). Enone- and chalcone-chloroquinoline hybrid analogues: In silico guided design, synthesis, antiplasmodial activity, in vitro metabolism, and mechanistic studies. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54(10), 3637–3649. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm200149e
20. Gupta, Y., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Romero, J. G., Rajendran, V., Mogire, R. M., Kashif, M., Beach, J., Jeske, W., Ogutu, B. R., Kanzok, S. M., Akala, H. M., Legac, J., Rosenthal, P. J., Rademacher, D. J., Durvasula, R., Singh, A. P., Rathi, B., & Kempaiah, P. (2022). The multistage antimalarial compound calxinin perturbates P. falciparum Ca2+ homeostasis by targeting a unique ion channel. Pharmaceutics, 14(7), Article 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071371
21. Hemen, T. J., & Hadiza, A. M. (2019). Bio-control of fresh and dried portion of Hyptis suaveolens plant on mosquitoes population during raining season in Nigeria Police Academy, Kano. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 12(11), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbise.2019.1211038
22. Hernández, O., Carranza, R., Cobos, P., López, L., Ascasio, V., & Silva, B. (2017). Bioguided fractionation from Solanum elaeagnifolium to evaluate toxicity on cellular lines and breast tumor explants. Revista Vitae, 24(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v24n2a05
23. Karunamoorthi, K., & Tsehaye, E. (2012). Ethnomedicinal knowledge, belief and self-reported practice of local inhabitants on traditional antimalarial plants and phytotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.012
24. Kato, N., Comer, E., Sakata-Kato, T., Sharma, A., Sharma, M., Maetani, M., … & Schreiber, S. L. (2016). Diversity-oriented synthesis yields novel multistage antimalarial inhibitors. Nature, 538(7625), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19804
25. Li, R., Tang, G., Liu, X., Li, J., Wang, D., & Ji, S. (2020). An ethnopharmacological review of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 19(7), 1541–1550. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i7.29
26. Mboni, H. (2023). Evaluating phytochemical constituents and in vitro antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of Fadogiella stigmatoloba, Hygrophylla auriculata, Hylodesmum repandum, and Porphyrostemma chevalieri extracts. Heliyon, 9(9), Article e20103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20103
27. Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Louba, A., Alqahtani, A., Nasr, F., Noman, O., … & Bousta, D. (2021). In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Withania frutescens L. foliar extract. Molecules, 26(2), Article 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020293
28. Miguel-Blanco, C., Murithi, J. M., Benavente, E. D., Angrisano, F., Sala, K. A., van Schalkwyk, D. A., Vanaerschot, M., Schwach, F., Fuchter, M. J., Billker, O., Sutherland, C. J., Campino, S., Clark, T. G., Blagborough, A. M., Fidock, D. A., Herreros, E., Gamo, F. J., Baum, J., & Delves, M. J. (2021). The antimalarial efficacy and mechanism of resistance of the novel chemotype DDD01034957. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 1888. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81343-z
29. Mishra, P., Sohrab, S., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). A review on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), Article 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00219-1
30. Mogaka, S., Molu, H. H., Kagasi, E. E., Ogila, K. K., Waihenya, R. R., Onditi, F. F., & Ozwara, H. H. (2023). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), Article 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03854-8
31. Mozhiyarasi, P., & Anuradha, R. (2018). A study on antioxidant activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(6), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.042
32. Muthaura, C., Keriko, J., Mutai, C., Yenesew, A., Gathirwa, J., Irungu, B., … & Derese, S. (2015). Antiplasmodial potential of traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the Kwale community of the Kenyan coast. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 170, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.024
33. Umedum Ngozi, L., Nwajagu Ugochukwu, N., Udeozo Ifeoma, P., Anarado Charity, E., & Egwuatu Chinyelu, I. (2014). The efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens: A review of its nutritional and medicinal applications. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(6), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2014/6959
34. Nguta, J., Mbaria, J., Gathumbi, P., Gakuya, D., Kabasa, J., & Kiama, S. (2011). Ethnodiagnostic skills of the Digo community for malaria: A lead to traditional bioprospecting. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2, Article 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2011.00030
35. Nordin, M. L., Abdul Kadir, A., Zakaria, Z. A., Abdullah, R., & Abdullah, M. N. H. (2018). In vitro investigation of cytotoxic and antioxidative activities of Ardisia crispa against breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), Article 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2153-5
36. Okonta, E. O., Onyekere, P. F., Ugwu, P. N., Udodeme, H. O., Chukwube, V. O., Odoh, U. E., & Ezugwu, C. O. (2021). Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit). Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.89
37. Oumarou, K. M., Younoussa, L., Langsi, J. D., Saotoing, P., & Nukenine, E. N. (2021). Adulticidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Lippia adoensis leaf extracts and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 40(2), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i231249
38. Patel, V., Booker, M., Kramer, M., Ross, L., Celatka, C. A., Kennedy, L. M., Dvorin, J. D., Duraisingh, M. T., Sliz, P., Wirth, D. F., & Clardy, J. (2008). Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(50), 35078–35085. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M804990200
39. Pérez, B. C., Teixeira, C., Albuquerque, I. S., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P. J., Gomes, J. R. B., Prudêncio, M., & Gomes, P. (2013). N-cinnamoylated chloroquine analogues as dual-stage antimalarial leads. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 56(2), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm301654b
40. Richard-Bollans, A., Aitken, C., Antonelli, A., Bitencourt, C., Goyder, D., Lucas, E., Ondo, I., Pérez-Escobar, O. A., Pironon, S., Richardson, J. E., Russell, D., Silvestro, D., Wright, C. W., & Howes, M.-J. R. (2023). Machine learning enhances prediction of plants as potential sources of antimalarials. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, Article 1173328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1173328
41. Roberts, B. F., Zheng, Y., Cleaveleand, J., Lee, S., Lee, E., Ayong, L., Yuan, Y., & Chakrabarti, D. (2017). 4-nitro styrylquinoline is an antimalarial inhibiting multiple stages of Plasmodium falciparum asexual life cycle. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 7(1), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.02.002
42. Soh, P. N., & Benoit-Vical, F. (2007). Are West African plants a source of future antimalarial drugs? Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.012
43. Swain, S., & Hussain, T. (2022). Combined bioinformatics and combinatorial chemistry tools to locate drug-able anti-TB phytochemicals: A cost-effective platform for natural product-based drug discovery. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 19(11), Article e202200267. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200267
44. Tang, G., Liu, X., Gong, X., Lin, X., Lai, X., Wang, D., & Ji, S. (2019). Studies on the chemical compositions of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 84(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.2298/jsc171208078t
45. Tiwari, N. K., Reynolds, P. J., & Calderón, Á. I. (2016). Preliminary LC-MS based screening for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) among a set of antimalarials from the Malaria Box. Molecules, 21(4), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040424
46. Uhlemann, A.-C., Wittlin, S., Matile, H., Bustamante, L. Y., & Krishna, S. (2007). Mechanism of antimalarial action of the synthetic trioxolane RBX11160 (OZ277). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51(2), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01064-06
47. Valdés, A. F.-C., Martínez, J., Lizama, R., Gaitén, Y., Rodríguez, D., & Payrol, J. (2010). In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of some selected Cuban medicinal plants. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 52(4), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652010000400006
48. Yamthé, L. R. T., Fokou, P. V. T., Mbouna, C. D. J., Keumoe, R., Ndjakou, B. L., Djouonzo, P. T., Mfopa, A. N., Legac, J., Tsabang, N., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P. J., & Boyom, F. F. (2015). Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum. Medicines, 2(2), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines2020055
49. Yang, C., Gundala, S. R., Mukkavilli, R., Vangala, S., Reid, M. D., & Aneja, R. (2015). Synergistic interactions among flavonoids and acetogenins in graviola (Annona muricata) leaves confer protection against prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis, 36(6), 656–665. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgv046
2. Abagli, A. Z., Alavo, T. B. C., Avlessi, F., & Moudachirou, M. (2012). Potential of the bush mint, Hyptis suaveolens essential oil for personal protection against mosquito biting. Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association, 28(1), 15–19. https://doi.org/10.2987/11-6181.1
3. Abok, J. I., Ombugadu, A., & Angbalaga, G. A. (2018). Hyptis suaveolens extract exhibits larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae larvae. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 2(5), 245–249. https://doi.org/10.26538/tjnpr/v2i5.8
4. Adebayo, J. O., Santana, A. E. G., & Krettli, A. U. (2012). Evaluation of the antiplasmodial and cytotoxicity potentials of husk fiber extracts from Cocos nucifera, a medicinal plant used in Nigeria to treat human malaria. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 31(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327111424298
5. Aliyu, A. A., Ombugadu, A., Ezuluebo, V. C., Ahmed, H. O., Ashigar, A. M., Ayuba, S. O., Aimankhu, O. P., Maikenti, J. I., Odey, S. A., Pam, V. A., Uzoigwe, N. R., & Osuagwu, O. S. (2022). Insecticidal activity of crude extracts of Hyptis suaveolens (bush mint) on Anopheles mosquitoes collected from Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Journal of Zoological Research, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.30564/jzr.v4i3.4663
6. Amaka, J. I., Attah, D. D., Obisike, V. U., & Benedict, A. G. (2018). Evaluation of the larvicidal potential of the leaf extracts of Hyptis suaveolens Poit against Anopheles mosquitoes. Asian Journal of Research in Zoology, 1(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajriz/2018/v1i229676
7. Ayuko, T., Njau, R., Cornelius, W., Leah, N., & Ndiege, I. (2009). In vitro antiplasmodial activity and toxicity assessment of plant extracts used in traditional malaria therapy in the Lake Victoria region. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 104(5), 689–694. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762009000500004
8. Botsaris, A. (2007). Plants used traditionally to treat malaria in Brazil: The archives of flora medicinal. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 3(1), Article 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-3-18
9. Chigor, C. B. (2018). Phytochemical constituent and antioxidant potential of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit leaf. Tropical Journal of Applied Natural Sciences, 2(2), 55–60. https://doi.org/10.25240/tjans.2018.2.2.07
10. Cock, I. E., Mavuso, N., & van Vuuren, S. F. (2021). A review of plant-based therapies for the treatment of urinary tract infections in traditional Southern African medicine. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7341124
11. Dawet, A., Anyanwu, I. G., Dede, M. P., Uzoigwe, N. R., & Onyekwelu, N. A. (2012). In vivo antimalarial activity of the ethanolic leaf extract of Hyptis suaveolens Poit on Plasmodium berghei in mice. International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(1), 117–127. https://doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v6i1.11
12. Eshilokun, A. O., Kasali, A. A., & Giwa-Ajeniya, A. O. (2005). Chemical composition of essential oils of two Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit leaves from Nigeria. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 20(5), 528–530. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.1452
13. Essoh, A. P., Cassiano, G. C., Mandim, F., Barros, L., Gomes, I., Medeiros, M. M., Moura, M., Cravo, P. V. L., & Romeiras, M. M. (2023). Antimalarial and cytotoxic activity of native plants used in Cabo Verde traditional medicine. Plants, 12(4), Article 963. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12040963
14. Fernández-Calienes, A., Pellón, R., Docampo, M., Fascio, M., D’Accorso, N., Maes, L., … & Rojas, L. (2011). Antimalarial activity of new acridinone derivatives. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 65(3), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2011.04.001
15. Galarraga-Vinueza, M. E., Mesquita-Guimarães, J., Magini, R. S., Souza, J. C. M., Fredel, M. C., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2018). Mesoporous bioactive glass embedding propolis and cranberry antibiofilm compounds. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, 106(6), 1614–1625. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.a.36352
16. Ghaffari, H., Ghassam, B. J., Nayaka, S. C., Kini, K. R., & Prakash, H. S. (2014). Antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. against oxidative stress-induced neurotoxicity. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 34(3), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-013-0016-7
17. Girma, B., Bisrat, D., & Asres, K. (2015). Antimalarial evaluation of the leaf latex of Aloe citrina and its major constituent. Ancient Science of Life, 34(3), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.157158
18. Gitahi, S., Ngugi, M., Mburu, D., & Machocho, A. (2021). Contact toxicity effects of selected organic leaf extracts of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray and Vernonia lasiopus (O. Hoffm.) against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). International Journal of Zoology, 2021, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8814504
19. Guantai, E., Ncokazi, K., Egan, T., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P., Bhampidipati, R., … & Chibale, K. (2011). Enone- and chalcone-chloroquinoline hybrid analogues: In silico guided design, synthesis, antiplasmodial activity, in vitro metabolism, and mechanistic studies. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 54(10), 3637–3649. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm200149e
20. Gupta, Y., Sharma, N., Singh, S., Romero, J. G., Rajendran, V., Mogire, R. M., Kashif, M., Beach, J., Jeske, W., Ogutu, B. R., Kanzok, S. M., Akala, H. M., Legac, J., Rosenthal, P. J., Rademacher, D. J., Durvasula, R., Singh, A. P., Rathi, B., & Kempaiah, P. (2022). The multistage antimalarial compound calxinin perturbates P. falciparum Ca2+ homeostasis by targeting a unique ion channel. Pharmaceutics, 14(7), Article 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14071371
21. Hemen, T. J., & Hadiza, A. M. (2019). Bio-control of fresh and dried portion of Hyptis suaveolens plant on mosquitoes population during raining season in Nigeria Police Academy, Kano. Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering, 12(11), 469–476. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbise.2019.1211038
22. Hernández, O., Carranza, R., Cobos, P., López, L., Ascasio, V., & Silva, B. (2017). Bioguided fractionation from Solanum elaeagnifolium to evaluate toxicity on cellular lines and breast tumor explants. Revista Vitae, 24(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.v24n2a05
23. Karunamoorthi, K., & Tsehaye, E. (2012). Ethnomedicinal knowledge, belief and self-reported practice of local inhabitants on traditional antimalarial plants and phytotherapy. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 141(1), 143–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.012
24. Kato, N., Comer, E., Sakata-Kato, T., Sharma, A., Sharma, M., Maetani, M., … & Schreiber, S. L. (2016). Diversity-oriented synthesis yields novel multistage antimalarial inhibitors. Nature, 538(7625), 344–349. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature19804
25. Li, R., Tang, G., Liu, X., Li, J., Wang, D., & Ji, S. (2020). An ethnopharmacological review of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 19(7), 1541–1550. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v19i7.29
26. Mboni, H. (2023). Evaluating phytochemical constituents and in vitro antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities of Fadogiella stigmatoloba, Hygrophylla auriculata, Hylodesmum repandum, and Porphyrostemma chevalieri extracts. Heliyon, 9(9), Article e20103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20103
27. Mechchate, H., Es-Safi, I., Louba, A., Alqahtani, A., Nasr, F., Noman, O., … & Bousta, D. (2021). In vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity and in vivo antidiabetic activity of Withania frutescens L. foliar extract. Molecules, 26(2), Article 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020293
28. Miguel-Blanco, C., Murithi, J. M., Benavente, E. D., Angrisano, F., Sala, K. A., van Schalkwyk, D. A., Vanaerschot, M., Schwach, F., Fuchter, M. J., Billker, O., Sutherland, C. J., Campino, S., Clark, T. G., Blagborough, A. M., Fidock, D. A., Herreros, E., Gamo, F. J., Baum, J., & Delves, M. J. (2021). The antimalarial efficacy and mechanism of resistance of the novel chemotype DDD01034957. Scientific Reports, 11(1), Article 1888. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-81343-z
29. Mishra, P., Sohrab, S., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). A review on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), Article 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-021-00219-1
30. Mogaka, S., Molu, H. H., Kagasi, E. E., Ogila, K. K., Waihenya, R. R., Onditi, F. F., & Ozwara, H. H. (2023). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link root extract inhibits Plasmodium growth in vitro and in mice. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), Article 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03854-8
31. Mozhiyarasi, P., & Anuradha, R. (2018). A study on antioxidant activity of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(6), 376–382. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.706.042
32. Muthaura, C., Keriko, J., Mutai, C., Yenesew, A., Gathirwa, J., Irungu, B., … & Derese, S. (2015). Antiplasmodial potential of traditional antimalarial phytotherapy remedies used by the Kwale community of the Kenyan coast. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 170, 148–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.05.024
33. Umedum Ngozi, L., Nwajagu Ugochukwu, N., Udeozo Ifeoma, P., Anarado Charity, E., & Egwuatu Chinyelu, I. (2014). The efficacy of Hyptis suaveolens: A review of its nutritional and medicinal applications. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 4(6), 661–674. https://doi.org/10.9734/ejmp/2014/6959
34. Nguta, J., Mbaria, J., Gathumbi, P., Gakuya, D., Kabasa, J., & Kiama, S. (2011). Ethnodiagnostic skills of the Digo community for malaria: A lead to traditional bioprospecting. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 2, Article 30. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2011.00030
35. Nordin, M. L., Abdul Kadir, A., Zakaria, Z. A., Abdullah, R., & Abdullah, M. N. H. (2018). In vitro investigation of cytotoxic and antioxidative activities of Ardisia crispa against breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(1), Article 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2153-5
36. Okonta, E. O., Onyekere, P. F., Ugwu, P. N., Udodeme, H. O., Chukwube, V. O., Odoh, U. E., & Ezugwu, C. O. (2021). Pharmacognostic studies of the leaves of Hyptis suaveolens Linn. (Labiatae) (Poit). Pharmacognosy Journal, 13(3), 698–705. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2021.13.89
37. Oumarou, K. M., Younoussa, L., Langsi, J. D., Saotoing, P., & Nukenine, E. N. (2021). Adulticidal activity of Hyptis suaveolens, Chenopodium ambrosioides and Lippia adoensis leaf extracts and essential oils against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 40(2), 18–32. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i231249
38. Patel, V., Booker, M., Kramer, M., Ross, L., Celatka, C. A., Kennedy, L. M., Dvorin, J. D., Duraisingh, M. T., Sliz, P., Wirth, D. F., & Clardy, J. (2008). Identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum dihydroorotate dehydrogenase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 283(50), 35078–35085. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M804990200
39. Pérez, B. C., Teixeira, C., Albuquerque, I. S., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P. J., Gomes, J. R. B., Prudêncio, M., & Gomes, P. (2013). N-cinnamoylated chloroquine analogues as dual-stage antimalarial leads. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 56(2), 556–567. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm301654b
40. Richard-Bollans, A., Aitken, C., Antonelli, A., Bitencourt, C., Goyder, D., Lucas, E., Ondo, I., Pérez-Escobar, O. A., Pironon, S., Richardson, J. E., Russell, D., Silvestro, D., Wright, C. W., & Howes, M.-J. R. (2023). Machine learning enhances prediction of plants as potential sources of antimalarials. Frontiers in Plant Science, 14, Article 1173328. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1173328
41. Roberts, B. F., Zheng, Y., Cleaveleand, J., Lee, S., Lee, E., Ayong, L., Yuan, Y., & Chakrabarti, D. (2017). 4-nitro styrylquinoline is an antimalarial inhibiting multiple stages of Plasmodium falciparum asexual life cycle. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance, 7(1), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.02.002
42. Soh, P. N., & Benoit-Vical, F. (2007). Are West African plants a source of future antimalarial drugs? Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 114(2), 130–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.08.012
43. Swain, S., & Hussain, T. (2022). Combined bioinformatics and combinatorial chemistry tools to locate drug-able anti-TB phytochemicals: A cost-effective platform for natural product-based drug discovery. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 19(11), Article e202200267. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.202200267
44. Tang, G., Liu, X., Gong, X., Lin, X., Lai, X., Wang, D., & Ji, S. (2019). Studies on the chemical compositions of Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, 84(3), 245–252. https://doi.org/10.2298/jsc171208078t
45. Tiwari, N. K., Reynolds, P. J., & Calderón, Á. I. (2016). Preliminary LC-MS based screening for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum thioredoxin reductase (PfTrxR) among a set of antimalarials from the Malaria Box. Molecules, 21(4), Article 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules21040424
46. Uhlemann, A.-C., Wittlin, S., Matile, H., Bustamante, L. Y., & Krishna, S. (2007). Mechanism of antimalarial action of the synthetic trioxolane RBX11160 (OZ277). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 51(2), 667–672. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.01064-06
47. Valdés, A. F.-C., Martínez, J., Lizama, R., Gaitén, Y., Rodríguez, D., & Payrol, J. (2010). In vitro antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of some selected Cuban medicinal plants. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, 52(4), 197–201. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0036-46652010000400006
48. Yamthé, L. R. T., Fokou, P. V. T., Mbouna, C. D. J., Keumoe, R., Ndjakou, B. L., Djouonzo, P. T., Mfopa, A. N., Legac, J., Tsabang, N., Gut, J., Rosenthal, P. J., & Boyom, F. F. (2015). Extracts from Annona muricata L. and Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) potently and selectively inhibit Plasmodium falciparum. Medicines, 2(2), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines2020055
49. Yang, C., Gundala, S. R., Mukkavilli, R., Vangala, S., Reid, M. D., & Aneja, R. (2015). Synergistic interactions among flavonoids and acetogenins in graviola (Annona muricata) leaves confer protection against prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis, 36(6), 656–665. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgv046