From Scientific Pioneering to Systemic Dependency: Muslim Contributions, Decline, and the Quest for Technological Renewal
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Authors:Abdulmalik Abdulkarim Omuya Adubi1*, Zainab Yahaya Pai2, Muhammad Kabir Muhammad3
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Abstract
Between the eighth and fourteenth centuries, Muslim scholars preserved ancient knowledge and advanced original research in mathematics, astronomy, medicine, optics, and philosophy, contributing substantially to the development of modern science and technology. This intellectual legacy contrasts with the contemporary dependence of Muslim societies on Western knowledge, technology, and innovation. This study examines the factors contributing to the decline of scientific inquiry in the Muslim world, the impact of colonialism, and the institutional transformations that strengthened the West’s scientific and technological position. The discussion connects these historical developments with contemporary challenges in education, research, and intellectual culture. Its central argument is that scientific renewal requires investment in education and research alongside an intellectual reorientation that harmonizes religious and scientific inquiry, drawing inspiration from the classical Islamic Golden Age. The study concludes that recovering the Muslim scientific tradition requires both institutional development and renewed engagement between religious thought and scientific inquiry. It contributes to debates on scientific renewal by connecting the historical achievements of Muslim scholars with the educational and intellectual conditions needed to strengthen contemporary research and innovation.
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