Qualitative, Quantitative, GCMS, and FTIR Phytochemical Screening of Cassia occidentalis
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446-465
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Oct 23, 2025
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10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7708
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Authors:
K. A. Ahmad1 
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Abstract
Cassia occidentalis Linn, a plant widely recognized in traditional medicine, was subjected to comprehensive phytochemical analysis to elucidate its bioactive constituents. Both qualitative and quantitative assessments confirmed the presence of key secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanolic extract identified 30 distinct compounds, notably hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, cis-9-hexadecenal, oleic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and 9,17-octadecadienal, all of which are associated with antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) further confirmed the presence of characteristic functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, and alkene groups, supporting the structural integrity of the compounds identified via GC-MS. These findings provide a detailed phytochemical profile of Cassia occidentalis, offering a scientific foundation for its traditional therapeutic applications and supporting its potential for further pharmacological investigation.
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Ahmad, K. A. (2025). Qualitative, Quantitative, GCMS, and FTIR Phytochemical Screening of Cassia occidentalis. African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research, 2(3), 446-465. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajbmbr.v2i3.7708
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Arya, A., Tyagi, P. K., Bhatnagar, S., Bachheti, R. K., Bachheti, A., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2024). Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7243.
Bakir Çilesizoğlu, N., Yalçin, E., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Sipahi Kuloğlu, S. (2022). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Nerium oleander L. extracts associated with toxicity profile. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 21421.
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Momodu, I. B., Okungbowa, E. S., Agoreyo, B. O., & Maliki, M. M. (2022). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identification of bioactive compounds in methanol and aqueous seed extracts of azanza garckeana fruits. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 38(1), 25–38.
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Singh, M. P., Chauhan, N. S., & Baldi, A. (2025). Formulation and Assessment of Topical Gel containing Cassia occidentalis Extract for Anti-Candida Activity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 18(2), 451–459.
Singh, V. V., Jain, J., & Mishra, A. K. (2016). Pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Cassia occidentalis L: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 6(5), 91–96.
Stéphane, F. F. Y., Jules, B. K. J., Batiha, G. E.-S., Ali, I., & Bruno, L. N. (2021). Extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and herbs. Natural Medicinal Plants, 1–39.
Tailor, G., & Lawal, A. M. (2021). Phytochemical screening; green synthesis, characterization and biological significance of lead oxide nanoparticles from Eucalyptus globulus Labill.(leaves). Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 6(3), 48.
Usman, H., & Osuji, J. C. (2007). Phytochemical and in vitro antimicrobial assay of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines : AJTCAM, 4(4), 476–480.
Van Buren, J. P., & Robinson, W. B. (1969). Formation of complexes between protein and tannic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17(4), 772–777.
Vishwakarma, R., Salim, M., & Kumhar, I. P. (2022). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaves of Bidens pilosa L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. Vol, 10(4), 21–23.
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Akbar, S. (2020). Senna occidentalis (L.) Link (Fabaceae/Leguminosae) (Syns.: Cassia caroliniana; C. falcata L.; C. foetida Pers.; C. occidentalis (L.) Rose; C. torosa Cav.; Ditrimexa occidentalis (L.) Britton & Rose). In Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications (pp. 1639–1648). Springer.
Aparna, B., & Hema, B. P. (2022). Preliminary screening and quantification of flavonoids in selected seeds of Apiaceae by UV-Visible spectrophotometry with evaluation study on different Aluminium Chloride Complexation reaction. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 15(18), 857–868.
Arya, A., Tyagi, P. K., Bhatnagar, S., Bachheti, R. K., Bachheti, A., & Ghorbanpour, M. (2024). Biosynthesis and assessment of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of silver nanoparticles utilizing Cassia occidentalis L. seed. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 7243.
Bakir Çilesizoğlu, N., Yalçin, E., Çavuşoğlu, K., & Sipahi Kuloğlu, S. (2022). Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of Nerium oleander L. extracts associated with toxicity profile. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 21421.
Bharath, B., Perinbam, K., Devanesan, S., AlSalhi, M. S., & Saravanan, M. (2021). Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Hexadecanoic acid from brown algae Turbinaria ornata on HT–29 colon cancer cells. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1235, 130229.
Chagas, M. do S. S., Behrens, M. D., Moragas-Tellis, C. J., Penedo, G. X. M., Silva, A. R., & Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque, C. F. (2022). Flavonols and flavones as potential anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial compounds. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1), 9966750.
Cheynier, V. (2012). Phenolic compounds: from plants to foods. Phytochemistry Reviews, 11(2), 153–177.
Chukwube, V., Okonta, E., Ezugwu, C., & Odoh, U. (2021). Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and qualitative phytochemical analysis of methanol leaf extract of fadogia cienkowskii scheinf fam. rubiaceae. Asian Journal of Research in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17–23.
Davidova, S., Galabov, A. S., & Satchanska, G. (2024). Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral activity, and mechanisms of action of plant polyphenols. Microorganisms, 12(12), 2502.
Deokate, U., Upadhye, M., Pujari, R., & Ambikar, D. (2020). Pharmacognostical, Phytochemical and Antioxidant Studies of Indigenous Medicinal Plant. Current Bioactive Compounds, 16(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573407215666190401152754
Dikwa, K. B., Alkali, K., Ajibade, G. A., Magaji, Y., & Ige, O. T. (2025). Effects of Methanol Leaves Extracts of Azadirachta indica (Juss.), Senna occidentalis (Linn) and Senna siamea (Lam) on the In vitro Growth of Plasmodium falciparum (Laveran) Trophozoites. Sahel Journal of Life Sciences FUDMA, 3(1), 287–298.
Donadio, G., Mensitieri, F., Santoro, V., Parisi, V., Bellone, M. L., De Tommasi, N., Izzo, V., & Dal Piaz, F. (2021). Interactions with microbial proteins driving the antibacterial activity of flavonoids. Pharmaceutics, 13(5), 660.
Egbuna, C., Ifemeje, J. C., Maduako, M. C., Tijjani, H., Udedi, S. C., Nwaka, A. C., & Ifemeje, M. O. (2018). Phytochemical test methods: qualitative, quantitative and proximate analysis. In Phytochemistry (pp. 381–426). Apple Academic Press.
Egharevba, H. O., Odigwe, A. C., Abdullahi, M. S., Okwute, S. K., & Okogun, J. I. (2010). Phytochemical analysis and broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of Cassia occidentalis L.(whole plant). New York Science Journal, 3(10), 74–81.
Evanjelene, V. K., & Velu, G. (2022). Preliminary phytochemical, proximate and nutrient analysis indifferent leaf extracts of Jatropha curcas L. Indian Journal of Pharmacy & Drug Studies, 1(1), 20–25.
Faizy, H. S., Esmail, L. S., & Mahdi, H. S. (2021). Phytochemicals analysis in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale) plant extracts. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 761(1), 12042.
Ganesan, T., Subban, M., Christopher Leslee, D. B., Kuppannan, S. B., & Seedevi, P. (2024). Structural characterization of n-hexadecanoic acid from the leaves of Ipomoea eriocarpa and its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(13), 14547–14558.
GUPTA, D., DANGI, C. B. S., SIDDIQUI, S., & SINGH, B. A. L. B. (n.d.). A review of qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis for plant extracts.
Harborne, J. B. (1973). Organic Acids, Lipids and Related Compounds. In Phytochemical Methods (pp. 132–165). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5921-7_4
Kalombo, A. S. P. K., Mukeba, F. B., Idrissa, A. Z., Divengi, J.-P. N., Mbuyi, P. L., Kayembe, J.-P. K., & N’Da, D. D. (2022). Review on the Ethnobotany, Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Senna occidentalis L.(Fabaceae): Potential Application as Remedy in the Treatment of Dysmenorrhea. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 33(6), 44–62.
Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Saroha, K., Singh, N., & Vashishta, B. (2008). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharmaceutica, 58(2), 215–220.
KUMAR, S., RANA, S., & SHARMA, P. (2023). A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK Of.
Ladipo, M. K., Doherty, V. F., & Kanife, U. C. (2010). Phytochemical screening and antibacterial investigation of the extract of Ocimum gratissimum (scent leaf) on selected Enterobacteriaceae. PAT, 6(2), 75–84.
Maaji, A. U., Dhakar, R., Teli, P. K., Garu, U., Adamu, U. A., Muhammad, S. S., Jubril, K. A., & Sambo, F. I. (2025). In-silico evaluation of Cassia occidentalis phytochemicals for Plasmodium falciparum plasmepsin V inhibition: Revealing antimalarial potential. South African Journal of Botany, 177, 527–541.
Mananga, M.-J., Nyunaï, N., Touole, S. R., Tchamgoue, A. D., Ndjigoui, B. D., Mbassi, G. M., Noah, J. K., Medou, F. M., & Fokou, E. (2025). Nutritional Profile, Anti-anaemic and Antioxidant Effects of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Senna occidentalis on Male Wistar Albino Rats. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 36(2), 116–128.
Momodu, I. B., Okungbowa, E. S., Agoreyo, B. O., & Maliki, M. M. (2022). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry identification of bioactive compounds in methanol and aqueous seed extracts of azanza garckeana fruits. Nigerian Journal of Biotechnology, 38(1), 25–38.
Mora, J., Pott, D. M., Osorio, S., & Vallarino, J. G. (2022). Regulation of plant tannin synthesis in crop species. Frontiers in Genetics, 13, 870976.
Nagalingam, S., Sasikumar, C. S., & Cherian, K. M. (2012). Extraction and preliminary phytochemical screening of active compounds in Morinda citrifolia fruit. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5(2), 179–181.
Nenni, M., & Karahuseyin, S. (2024). Medicinal Plants, Secondary Metabolites, and Their Antiallergic Activities. In Biotechnology of Medicinal Plants with Antiallergy Properties: Research Trends and Prospects (pp. 37–126). Springer.
Obadoni, B. O., & Ochuko, P. O. (2002). Phytochemical studies and comparative efficacy of the crude extracts of some haemostatic plants in Edo and Delta States of Nigeria. Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 8(2), 203–208.
Obouayeba, A. P., Diarrassouba, M., Soumahin, E. F., & Kouakou, T. H. (2015). Phytochemical analysis, purification and identification of Hibiscus anthocyanins. J Pharm Chem Biol Sci, 3(2), 156–168.
Ogochukwu, N. N., Omonkhelin, J. O., & Osagie, A. E. (2025). In vivo assessment of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory effects of combined aqueous crude leaf extract of Senna occidentalis Linn. and Vernonia amygdalina Delile in rodents. The Nigerian Journal of Pharmacy, 59(1), 142–153.
Pawar, M. K., Dwivedi, J. A., & Dwivedi, U. K. (2023). International Journal of Current Advanced Research.
Ranaweera, C. B., Maheshwaran, L., Nadarajah, L., Senadeera, S., Chandana, A. K., & Pathirana, R. N. (2024). Phytochemical Testing Methodologies and Principles for Preliminary Screening/Qualitative Testing.
Sharma, A. K., Gangwar, M., Tilak, R., Nath, G., Sinha, A. S. K., Tripathi, Y. B., & Kumar, D. (2012). Comparative in vitro antimicrobial and phytochemical evaluation of methanolic extract of root, stem and leaf of Jatropha curcas Linn. Pharmacognosy Journal, 4(30), 34–40.
Sharmila, K. P., Bhandary, S. K. B., Suchetha Kumari, N., Kumar, M. H., & Paul, C. S. (2021). Phytochemical profile and in-vitro antioxidant potencies of Oroxylum indicum stem bark extract. Mankind, 6, 7.
Shen, N., Wang, T., Gan, Q., Liu, S., Wang, L., & Jin, B. (2022). Plant flavonoids: Classification, distribution, biosynthesis, and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 383, 132531.
Singh, H., Chahal, P., Mishra, A., & Mishra, A. K. (2020). An up-to-date review on chemistry and biological activities of Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Family: Leguminosae. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 20(3), 263–278.
Singh, M. P., Chauhan, N. S., & Baldi, A. (2025). Formulation and Assessment of Topical Gel containing Cassia occidentalis Extract for Anti-Candida Activity. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 18(2), 451–459.
Singh, V. V., Jain, J., & Mishra, A. K. (2016). Pharmacological and phytochemical profile of Cassia occidentalis L: A review. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 6(5), 91–96.
Stéphane, F. F. Y., Jules, B. K. J., Batiha, G. E.-S., Ali, I., & Bruno, L. N. (2021). Extraction of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and herbs. Natural Medicinal Plants, 1–39.
Tailor, G., & Lawal, A. M. (2021). Phytochemical screening; green synthesis, characterization and biological significance of lead oxide nanoparticles from Eucalyptus globulus Labill.(leaves). Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering, 6(3), 48.
Usman, H., & Osuji, J. C. (2007). Phytochemical and in vitro antimicrobial assay of the leaf extract of Newbouldia laevis. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines : AJTCAM, 4(4), 476–480.
Van Buren, J. P., & Robinson, W. B. (1969). Formation of complexes between protein and tannic acid. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17(4), 772–777.
Vishwakarma, R., Salim, M., & Kumhar, I. P. (2022). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of leaves of Bidens pilosa L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies. Vol, 10(4), 21–23.
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