Application of Mung Bean Biocoagulant for Tofu and Tempeh Wastewater Treatment
Article Sidebar
Page Numbers:
3598-3612
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/mikailalsys.v4i2.11226
Viewed: 0 times
Downloaded: 0 times
LYAS Publisher cordially invites qualified professionals to serve as Editors or Reviewers. Your expertise will make an important contribution to maintaining and strengthening the academic quality of our publications. Interested applicants are kindly requested to complete the application form at the following link: Editors & Reviewers
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information about the submission process or if you have any additional questions.
Authors:Ismi Khairunnissa Ariani1*, Rina Noor Hayati2, Sukma Agustina3, Riza Hudayarizka4
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
Main Article Content
Abstract
Wastewater generated from tofu and tempeh production commonly contains high organic loads and suspended particles, necessitating environmentally sustainable treatment methods. This study investigated the use of mung bean (Vigna radiata) as a biocoagulant for reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity and improving the pH of tofu and tempeh wastewater. The study evaluated the effect of extraction with 1 M NaCl on biocoagulant performance, determined the optimum biocoagulant dosage, and assessed the influence of slow-mixing time on treatment effectiveness. Coagulation–flocculation was performed using mung bean biocoagulants before and after NaCl extraction, with dosages ranging from 1 to 5 g per 500 mL of wastewater and slow-mixing times ranging from 15 to 35 minutes. Initial characterization indicated that several wastewater quality parameters exceeded the applicable discharge standards. The NaCl-extracted biocoagulant performed better than the unextracted biocoagulant, achieving COD and turbidity removal efficiencies of 9.95% and 90.98%, respectively, with a final pH of 7.27. Across the dosage variations, the highest COD removal efficiency of 41.45% was obtained at 4 g/500 mL, whereas the highest turbidity removal efficiency of 91.17% was achieved at 2 g/500 mL. The highest final pH of 7.81 was recorded at 5 g/500 mL. The optimum slow-mixing time was 15 minutes, resulting in COD removal of 14.26%, turbidity removal of 87.45%, and a final pH of 7.19. These findings demonstrate that NaCl-extracted mung bean biocoagulant has considerable potential for improving tofu and tempeh wastewater quality, particularly through turbidity removal. The study contributes to the development of plant-based biocoagulants as an environmentally sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment, although optimization remains necessary to improve COD removal efficiency.
Downloads
Article Details
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Afolabi, M., Onukogu, O. A., Igunma, T. O., Nwokediegwu, Z. Q. S., & Adeleke, A. K. (2020). Systematic review of coagulation-flocculation kinetics and optimization in municipal water purification units. Iconic Research and Engineering Journals, 3(8), 259–275. https://www.irejournals.com/paper-details/1708814
Ali, S. K., Abdou, M. M., Emara, M. M., Farag, R. S., & Mubarak, M. F. (2025). Eco-friendly solutions: A comprehensive review of natural coagulants for sustainable water treatment. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 47, Article 535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-025-02803-3
Anyiam, P. N., Phongthai, S., Kingwascharapong, P., Pongsetkul, J., Zhang, W., Jung, Y. H., & Rawdkuen, S. (2025). A comparative review on novel-assisted extraction techniques for retrieving protein from some potential plant sources. NFS Journal, 40, Article 100239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nfs.2025.100239
Asharuddin, S. M., Othman, N., Al-Maqtari, Q. A., Al-towayti, W. A. H., & Arifin, S. N. H. (2023). The assessment of coagulation and flocculation performance and interpretation of mechanistic behavior of suspended particles aggregation by alum assisted by tapioca peel starch. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 32, Article 103414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103414
Badawi, A. K., Salama, R. S., & Mostafa, M. M. M. (2023). Natural-based coagulants/flocculants as sustainable market-valued products for industrial wastewater treatment: A review of recent developments. RSC Advances, 13(28), 19335–19355. https://doi.org/10.1039/D3RA01999C
Benalia, A., Derbal, K., Amrouci, Z., Baatache, O., Khalfaoui, A., & Pizzi, A. (2024). Application of plant-based coagulants and their mechanisms in water treatment: A review. Journal of Renewable Materials, 12(4), 667–698. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2024.048306
da Silva, R. M. P., de Farias, B. S., & Fernandes, S. S. (2025). From natural to industrial: How biocoagulants can revolutionize wastewater treatment. Processes, 13(6), Article 1706. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13061706
de Carvalho Costa, L. R., & Fioravante, I. F. (2024). Evaluation the efficiency of individual organic coagulants and associated with aluminum sulfate in the removal of colloidal substances from Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Cleaner Chemical Engineering, 10, Article 100134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clce.2024.100134
Eamrat, R., Rujakom, S., Pussayanavin, T., Taweesan, A., Witthayaphirom, C., & Kamei, T. (2024). Optimizing biocoagulant aid from shrimp shells (Litopenaeus vannamei) for enhancing microplastics removal from aqueous solutions. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 33, Article 103457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2023.103457
Gan, F., Wu, K., Ma, F., Wei, C., & Du, C. (2022). In-situ monitoring of nitrate in industrial wastewater using Fourier transform infrared attenuated total reflectance spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR) coupled with chemometrics methods. Heliyon, 8(12), Article e12423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12423
Herold, F., Leubner, O., Jeschonek, K., Hess, C., Drochner, A., Wei, Q., & Etzold, B. J. M. (2021). Methodology for the identification of carbonyl absorption maxima of carbon surface oxides in DRIFT spectra. Carbon Trends, 3, Article 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cartre.2020.100020
Iloamaeke, I. M. J., Atune, S. I., Onyeije, U. C., & Onuegbu, T. U. (2025). Optimization of coagulation-flocculation process for colour removal in purification of paint industry effluent using novel seed of Spondias mombin Linn. Desalination and Water Treatment, 323, Article 101284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dwt.2025.101284
Kachoue Sefiddashti, M. H., Farhikhte, M., Khorashadi Zadeh, F., & Berahmand, M. (2026). Integrated evaluation of five coagulants and precipitants for fluoride and turbidity removal from steel industry wastewater: Removal performance, sedimentation, and life cycle assessment. Next Sustainability, 7, Article 100270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxsust.2026.100270
Khan, M. T., Ahmad, M., Hossain, M. F., Nawab, A., Ahmad, I., Ahmad, K., & Panyametheekul, S. (2023). Microplastic removal by coagulation: A review of optimizing the reaction conditions and mechanisms. Water Emerging Contaminants & Nanoplastics, 2(4), Article 22. https://doi.org/10.20517/wecn.2023.39
Kristianto, H., Prasetyo, S., & Sugih, A. K. (2019). Pemanfaatan Ekstrak Protein dari Kacang-Kacangan sebagai Koagulan Alami: Review. Jurnal Rekayasa Proses, 13(2), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.22146/jrekpros.46292
Kurniawan, S. B., Abdullah, S. R. S., Imron, M. F., Said, N. S. M., Ismail, N. ’I., Hasan, H. A., Othman, A. R., & Purwanti, I. F. (2020). Challenges and opportunities of biocoagulant/bioflocculant application for drinking water and wastewater treatment and its potential for sludge recovery. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(24), Article 9312. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249312
Li, Y., Qi, Y., Wei, Q., & Ma, X. (2025). An investigation of the impact of flocculants on process optimization and floc properties in Chlorella vulgaris FACHB-15 harvesting. Water, 17(7), Article 932. https://doi.org/10.3390/w17070932
Long, R., Huang, Y., Dabbour, M., Mintah, B. K., Pan, J., Wu, M., Zhang, S., Qin, Z., He, R., & Ma, H. (2025). Physical processing-assisted pH shifting for food protein modification: A comprehensive review. Foods, 14(13), Article 2360. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14132360
Maher, W., Salih, S. S., Kadhom, M., Albayati, N., & Ghosh, T. K. (2026). Waste-derived chitosan-functionalized poultry litter biochar as a sustainable adsorbent for Congo red removal from wastewater. Next Materials, 12, Article 102166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nxmate.2026.102166
Maltauro, R., Stone, M., Collins, A. L., Krishnappan, B. G., & Silins, U. (2023). The effect of shear-dependent flocculation on the multimodality of effective particle size distributions in a gravel-bed river during high flows. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 23(10), 3589–3601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03455-5
Nandiyanto, A. B. D., Oktiani, R., & Ragadhita, R. (2019). How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indonesian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(1), 97–118. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806
Ni’am, M. F., Othman, F., Sohaili, J., & Fauzia, Z. (2007). Removal of COD and turbidity to improve wastewater quality using electrocoagulation technique. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 11(1), 198–205. https://www.ukm.my/mjas/v11_n1/html/11_1_31.html
Owodunni, A. A., & Ismail, S. (2021). Revolutionary technique for sustainable plant-based green coagulants in industrial wastewater treatment—A review. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 42, Article 102096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102096
Owodunni, A. A., Ismail, S., & Ooi, B. S. (2024). Green bean seed coagulant for turbidity removal: Parameter optimization and modelling. Water Practice & Technology, 19(5), 1968–1985. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2024.105
Pradiko, H., Afiatun, E., & Fabian, E. (2018). Influence of mixing and detention time in electro coagulation process to treat raw water at Badak Singa Water Treatment Plant. Indonesian Journal of Urban and Environmental Technology, 1(2), 137–150. https://doi.org/10.25105/urbanenvirotech.v1i2.2823
Ravele, M. P., Olatunde, O. C., Oyewo, O. A., Makgato, S. S., & Onwudiwe, D. C. (2025). Plant-based coagulants for wastewater treatment: Recent advances and applications. Cleaner Water, 4, Article 100147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2025.100147
Wintersohle, C., Kracke, I., Ignatzy, L. M., Etzbach, L., & Schweiggert-Weisz, U. (2023). Physicochemical and chemical properties of mung bean protein isolate affected by the isolation procedure. Current Research in Food Science, 7, Article 100582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crfs.2023.100582