Epidemiological Serosurvey of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Apparently Healthy Individuals in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria
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181-198
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May 26, 2025
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10.58578/kijst.v2i2.5932
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Authors:Ishaku Frama1, Sheyin Zakka2, Bigwan Emmanuel Isa3, Gutau Fipo Jiking4, Ishaya Victoria5
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
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Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection poses a persistent global public health challenge due to its high transmissibility, potential for chronic progression, and association with severe hepatic complications such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite its clinical relevance, HCV remains underdiagnosed and underreported in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria, where asymptomatic carriers often remain unaware of their infection status. This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HCV among apparently healthy individuals in Jos North and to identify associated sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors. Ethical approval was obtained from the Plateau State Ministry of Health. A total of 180 eligible participants were recruited, and venous blood samples (5 mL) were collected aseptically from the antecubital vein. Anti-HCV antibodies were screened using rapid immunochromatographic assay kits (Labtrust, UK) and confirmed using ELISA kits (Qingdao Hightop Biotech, China). Sociodemographic and risk factor data were collected via structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS version 27, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. Results showed a seroprevalence rate of 5.0% (9/180), with slightly higher prevalence in females (5.4%) than males (4.3%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.524). The age group 51–65 years exhibited the highest prevalence (7.5%), followed by those aged 41–50 years (6.3%), with no significant association between age and HCV positivity (p = 0.731). The findings underscore the presence of silent HCV infection in the population and call for expanded screening, public health education, and the implementation of free routine testing in government health facilities to mitigate transmission and late-stage complications.
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Hepatitis C virus; Seroprevalence; Anti-HCV antibodies; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Jos North; ELISA screening
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Frama, I., Zakka, S., Isa, B. E., Jiking, G. F., & Victoria, I. (2025). Epidemiological Serosurvey of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Apparently Healthy Individuals in Jos North, Plateau State, Nigeria. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 2(2), 181-198. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v2i2.5932
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Usanga, V.U., Boniface, N.U., Michael, E.K., Simon O.A., Michael, O.E., Amos, N.; (2020). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) among students of a Nigerian Tertiary Institution; International Journal Science and Nature.11 (4): 80-84 ISSN 2229 – 6441. www.scienceandnature.org
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Alkali, Y. S., Baba, M. M., Manga, S. B., Bukbuk, D. N., & Baba, S. S. (2023). Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among the population in a rural local government area in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 26(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_1_23
Audu, R. A., Okwuraiwe, A. P., Ige, F. A., Adeleye, O. O., Onyekwere, C. A., & Lesi, O. A. (2020). Hepatitis C viral load and genotypes among Nigerian subjects with chronic infection and implication for patient management: a retrospective review of data. PanAfricanMedicalJournal,37(335),20299. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2020.37.335.20299
Bartenschlager, R., Baumert, T. F., Bukh, J., Houghton, M., Lemon, S. M., Lindenbach, B. D., & Zeisel, M. B. (2018). Critical challenges and emerging opportunities in hepatitis C virus research in an era of potent antiviral therapy: Considerations for future research. Digestive Diseases, 32(5), 525-537.
Bastos, J.C.S., Padilla, M.A., Caserta, L.C., Miotto, N., Vigani, A.G. & Arns, C.W. (2016). Hepatitis C virus: Promising discoveries and new treatments. World Journal Gastroenterology; 22(28), 6393-6401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i28.6393
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Duru, C. B., Oluoha, U. R., Uwakwe, K. A., Diwe, K. C., Merenu, I. A., Emerole, C. O., & Iwu, A. C. (2021). Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among blood donors at the Blood Bank of the University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 23(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_1_20
Eleje, G. U., Rabiu, A., Mbachu, I. I., Akaba, G. O., Loto, O. M., Usman, H. A., … Ikechebelu, J. I. (2021). Awareness and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among pregnant women in Nigeria: A national pilot cross-sectional study. Women's health (London, England), 17, Retrieved June 20, 2024, fromhttps://doi.org/10.1177/1745506521103178.
El-Kady, A. M., Abo-El-Kheir, H. E. F., El-Hadidy, A. S., & El-Houfy, S. (2017). Study of some serum biochemical markers of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic HCV. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 1(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.21767/2575-7733.1000010
Federal Ministry of Health. (2016). National Guidelines for the Prevention, Care and Treatment of Viral Hepatitis in Nigeria. Federal Ministry of Health, Nigeria.
Hedskog, C., Parhy, B., Chang, S., Zeuzem, S., Moreno, C., Shafran, S. D., ... Svarovskaia, E. S. (2019). Identification of 19 Novel Hepatitis C Virus Subtypes-Further Expanding HCV Classification. Open forum infectious diseases, 6(3), ofz076. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz076
Iduh, M. U., Onyekwere, C. A., Nwokediuko, S. C., Onyekwere, I. F., Eze, J. C., & Chikwendu, C. I. (2018). Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among patients attending a tertiary hospital in Plateau State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 21(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_1_18
Innocent, I. G., Kuleve, M. I., Ajugwo, G. C., Anekwe, I. I., & Fadayomi, V. K. (2022). Prevalence of Hepatitis B and C Infections among Pregnant Women at Dalhatu Araf Specialist Hospital Lafia, Nasarawa State Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Microbiology, 22(7), 13–18. https://doi.org/10.9734/jamb/2022/v22i730470
Li, M., & Mousa, S. A. (2015). Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Review of Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology, 5(2), 147-154.
Mawuli, G., Bartholomew, D., Kenneth, T., Amma, A., Benneh, A.K., James, O.A., … Joseph, H.K.B., (2022). Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among patients with sickle cell disease at the Korle Bu teaching hospital. Virology Journal 19:73 Retrieved July 5 2024, fromhttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-022-01797-z
Messina, J. P., Humphreys, I., Flaxman, A., Brown, A., Cooke, G. S., Pybus, O. G., & Barnes, E. (2015). Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology, 61(1), 77-87. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.27259
Michael, P.M. and Maasoumy, B. (2022). Breakthroughs in hepatitis C research: from discovery to cure. Nature reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 19. 533-550 nature.com/nrgastro. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00608-8
Nartey, Y.A., Okine, R., Seake-Kwawu, A., Ghartey, G., Asamoah, Y.K., Siaw, A.D.J. (2023). Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence, testing, and treatment capacity in public health facilities in Ghana, 2016–2021; Amulti-centre cross-sectional study. PLoSONE 18 (6), e0287580. Retrieved July 5 2024, fromhttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287580
Ndako, J. A., Owlabi, A. O., Olisa, J. A., AkinWumi, J.A., DoJumo, V. T., Olatinsu, O., & Adebayo, B. A. (2020). Prevalence of Hepatitis C virus infection in diabetic patients attending a tertiary health-care facility South-West Nigeria. Biomedical Central Infectious Disease, 20, Article 664. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05388-7
Nwagha, T., Babatunde, I.O., Uchenna, N.I., Ijeoma, A.M., Obinna, D.O., Ebele, V.O., ... Emmanuel, O U., (2021) Predictors of Seroprevalence of Hepatitis C Infection among Health Care Workers in Nigeria; A Year after Post Implementation of Nigeria’s National Hepatitis Prevention Policy; Global Journal of Health Science. 13, No. 7; ISSN 1916-9736 https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v13n7p32
Okafor, C. I., Eleje, G. U., Ofojebe, C. J., Ezugwu, E. C., Ikechebelu, J. I., Udegbunam, O. I., & Nwosu, A. D. (2020). Seroprevalence and risk factors of hepatitis C virus infection among prison inmates in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice, 23(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.4103/njcp.njcp_1_20
Onubi, J., Eseigbe, P., Agyema, J.P.A., & Chima, A.A.G. (2023). Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Healthcare Seekers at a Tertiary Health Facility in North-Central Nigeria: A Retrospective Study. West Africa Journal Medine.40 (12), 1355-1361. PMID: 38265845.
Oshun, P. O., Salu, O.B., & Omilabu, S.A. (2023). Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among HIV positive patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology. 24(3) 276-281. https://www.afrjcem.org
Oti, V. B., Mohammed, I. H., Ibrahim, Y., Ibrahim, C., Orok, I. (2021). Epidemiologic Survey of HBV, HCV and HIV Infections in a Pregnant Women Population in Central Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, 7(194). https://doi.org/10.23937/2474-3658/1510194
Ramírez-Zamudio,L.C., & Castillo-Barradas, M. (2021). Seroprevalence of the hepatitis C virus in healthcare personnel of the IMSS. Revista De Mexico Gastroenterologia.86 (4), 335-339.
Ramyil, S. M., Shik, P.L., Dafam, D.D., Jonah, P.Y., Lar, N.N., Nimzimg, L., & Durfa, N. (2014). Prevalence and Coinfection of Human Immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis B virus, and Hepatitis C virus in Mabudi Rural Community of Plateau State, Nigeria. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 13 (6), 22-27.
Rana, N. A., Munir, B., Hussain, N., Imtiaz, N., Gondal, M. A., & Parvaiz, F. (2020). Seroprevalence, Biochemical Investigation and Risk Factor Assessment for HBV & HCV Infection in Hospital Based Patients of Islamabad, Pakistan. Journal of Bioresource Management, 7 (2), Retrieved June 25, 2024, fromhttps://doi.org/10.35691/JBM.0202.0127
Shah, R., Ahovegbe, L., Niebel, M., Shepherd, J., & Thomson, E. C. (2021). Non-epidemic HCV genotypes in low- and middle-income countries and the risk of resistance to current direct-acting antiviral regimens. Journal of hepatology, 75(2), 462–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.04.045
Uchendu, T, A., Daboer, J. T., & Amaike, C. (2019). The burden of hepatitis C virus infection and access to treatment among rural dwellers in a North Central Nigeria. Jos Journal of Medicine, 13 (2)68-70. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jjm/art.cle/download/205447/193
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