The Total Antioxidant Levels, Amino Acids, Vitamins, Flavonoids and Phenolics Profile of Persea americana Using HPLC
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737-750
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Sep 22, 2024
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10.58578/amjsai.v1i2.3864
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Authors:
Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu1, Janya Danjuma2, Patience Audu Jankada3 
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Abstract
This research investigated the antioxidant levels, flavonoids and phenolics, amino acid and vitamin profile of P. americana seed methanol extract. Fresh fruits of P. americana were procured from Baissa in Taraba State. The fruits were cut open and the seed removed, washed and sliced. The plant material was air dried at room temperature after which it was pulverized and extraction was carried out using methanol for 72 hours. Extract was subjected to total antioxidant test using DPPH by serial dilution. Different portions of the extract were used to analyze for total flavonoid content and total phenolics content using aluminium chloride and folin-ciocalteu respectively. Furthermore, a portion of the extract was used to analyze for amino acid, vitamin and flavonoids and phenolics profile. The result reveals that the portion antioxidant activity increase with concentration. The portion with 1000µg/1000mL had over 80% which was the highest inhibition percentage in the series. Total flavonoid was found to be 39.88 ± 0.44 while the total phenolic content was seen to be 35.84 ± 4.30. Quercetin and chlorogenic acid were seen to be present for HPLC analysis of flavonoids and phenolics profile to be 15.8% and 84.2% respectively. The result for vitamin profile reveals that three vitamins were detected: vitamins K, B1 and B3 at 0.1%, 20.4% and 79.5% respectively. The amino acid present include asparagine, threonine, serine and aspartic acid with 1.1%, 13.9%, 10.4 and 74.6% abundance respectively. This shows how rich how this plant material can be and also reveals the hidden potentials inherent in it. This could be used to supplement diets and meet various nutritional and needs of individuals.
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Antioxidant; Flavonoids; Phenolics; Pulverized; Extraction; Inhibition; Quercetin; Chlorogenic acid; Asparagine; Threonine; Serine; Aspartic acid
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Yakubu, O. E., Danjuma, J., & Jankada, P. A. (2024). The Total Antioxidant Levels, Amino Acids, Vitamins, Flavonoids and Phenolics Profile of Persea americana Using HPLC. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, 1(2), 737-750. https://doi.org/10.58578/amjsai.v1i2.3864
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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El-Magd, M. A., Zedan, A. M., Zidan, N. S., Sakran, M. I., Bahattab, O., Oyouni, A. A. A., ... and Elmoslemany, A. M. (2022). Avocado seeds-mediated alleviation of cyclosporine a-induced hepatotoxicity involves the inhibition of oxidative stress and proapoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress. Molecules, 27(22):7859.
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He, X. Z., Wang, X. and Dixon, R. A. (2006). Mutational analysis of the Medicago glycosyltransferase UGT71G1 reveals residues that control regioselectivity for (iso) flavonoid glycosylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(45):34441-34447.
Hertog, M. G. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Hollman, P. C. H., Katan, M. B. and Kromhout, D. (1993). Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 342:1007–1011.
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Kumari, P., Kumari, C. and Singh, P. S. (2017). Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants for secondary metabolites. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res, 3(4):1151-1157.
Lachman, J., Orsák, M. and Pivec, V. (2000). Antioxidant contents and composition in some vegetables and their role in human nutrition. Zahradnictví – Hort. Sci., 27:65–78.
Lai, L. S., Chou, S. T. and Chao, W. W. (2001). Studies on the antioxidative activities of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) leaf gum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(2):963-968.
Li, L., Su, C., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Jiao, W., Luo, H., ... and Guo, S. (2020). Chlorogenic acids in cardiovascular disease: A review of dietary consumption, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 68(24):6464-6484.
Liu, R. H. (2013). Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Advances in nutrition, 4(3):384S-392S.
Maalik, A., Khan, F. A., Mumtaz, A., Mehmood, A., Azhar, S., Atif, M., ... and Tariq, I. (2014). Pharmacological applications of quercetin and its derivatives: a short review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(9):1561-1566.
Mohammed, Z. K. (2023). A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Avocado Seed. Nigerian Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1):1-12.
Mustafa, G., Arif, R., Atta, A., Sharif, S. and Jamil, A. (2017). Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and their importance in drug discovery in Pakistan. Matrix Sci. Pharma, 1(1):17-26.
Mythri, M., SanalDevK, T. and KottaiMuthu, A. (2020). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Cassia absus: An in-vitro techniques. Int J Res Pharm Sci, 11:1545-50.
Nguyen, V., Taine, E. G., Meng, D., Cui, T. and Tan, W. (2024). Chlorogenic Acid: A Systematic Review on the Biological Functions, Mechanistic Actions, and Therapeutic Potentials. Nutrients, 16(7):924.
Nyakang'i, C. O., Ebere, R., Marete, E. and Arimi, J. M. (2023). Avocado production in Kenya in relation to the world, Avocado by-products (seeds and peels) functionality and Utilization in food products. Applied Food Research, 100275.
Ramos, F. A., Takaishi, Y., Shirotori, M., Kawaguchi, Y., Tsuchiya, K., Shibata, H., ... and Takeuchi, M. (2006). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of quercetin oxidation products from yellow onion (Allium cepa) skin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(10):3551-3557.
Romagnoli, G., Luttik, M. A., Kötter, P., Pronk, J. T. and Daran, J. M. (2012). Substrate specificity of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxo-acid decarboxylases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and environmental microbiology, 78(21):7538-7548.
Russo, M., Spagnuolo, C., Tedesco, I., Bilotto, S. and Russo, G. L. (2012). The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochemical pharmacology, 83(1):6-15.
Salazar-López, N. J., Domínguez-Avila, J. A., Yahia, E. M., Belmonte-Herrera, B. H., Wall-Medrano, A., Montalvo-González, E. and González-Aguilar, G. (2020). Avocado fruit and by-products as potential sources of bioactive compounds. Food Research International, 138:109774.
Seelinger, M., Popescu, R., Seephonkai, P., Singhuber, J., Giessrigl, B., Unger, C., Bauer, S., Wagner, K., Fritzer-Szekeres, M., Szekeres, T., Diaz, R., Tut, F. M., Frisch, R., Feistel, B., Kopp, B. and Krupitza, G. (2012). Fractionation of an Extract of Pluchea odorata Separates a Property Indicative for the Induction of Cell Plasticity from One That Inhibits a Neoplastic Phenotype. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012.
Setyawan, H. Y., Sukardi, S. and Puriwangi, C. A. (2021). Phytochemicals properties of avocado seed: A review. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 733, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing.
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (2002). Analysis of total phenol and other oxidative substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178.
Stalmach, A., Steiling, H., Williamson, G. and Crozier, A. (2010). Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 501(1):98-105.
Tene Tcheghebe, O., Nyamen, L. D., Ngouafong Tatong, F. and Seukep, A. J. (2016). Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, and toxicity of Persea americana mill.: An overview. Archives, 3:213-221.
Velu, G., Palanichamy, V. and Rajan, A. P. (2018). Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of plant secondary metabolites in modern medicine. Bioorganic phase in natural food: an overview, 135-156.
Wang, W., Bostic, T. R. and Gu, L. (2010). Antioxidant capacities, procyanidins and pigments in avocados of differentstrains and cultivars. Food chemistry, 122(4):1193-1198.
Williams, C. A. and Grayer, R. J. (2004). Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Natural product reports, 21(4):539-573.
Xue, H., Wei, M. and Ji, L. (2023). Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects. Phytomedicine, 154961.
Yakubu, O. E., Nwodo, O. F., Joshua, P. E., Ugwu, M. N., Odu, A. D. and Okwo, F. (2014). Fractionation and determination of total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of aqueous, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of Vitex doniana leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(5):693-698.
Zandi, K., Teoh, B. T., Sam, S. S., Wong, P. F., Mustafa, M. R. and AbuBakar, S. (2011). Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virology journal, 8:1-11.
Akram, M., Munir, N., Daniyal, M., Egbuna, C., Găman, M. A., Onyekere, P. F. and Olatunde, A. (2020). Vitamins and Minerals: Types, sources and their functions. Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Bioactive Components, Formulations and Innovations, 149-172.
Ayodele, P. F., Onifade, O. F., Williams, O. D., Omowaye, O. S. and Salimon, M. O. (2022). Ethanol extracts of Terminalia catappa leaves and Persea americana seed attenuate renal damage associated with Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. African Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 16(4): 53-58.
Boots, A. W., Wilms, L. C., Swennen, E. L., Kleinjans, J. C., Bast, A. and Haenen, G. R. (2008). In vitro and ex vivo anti-inflammatory activity of quercetin in healthy volunteers. Nutrition, 24(7-8):703-710.
Bouafia, A. and Laouini, S. E. (2021). Plant-mediated synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity: A review. Mini-Rev Org Chem. [Short Survey], 18(6):725-34.
Carbonell‐Capella, J. M., Buniowska, M., Barba, F. J., Esteve, M. J. and Frígola, A. (2014). Analytical methods for determining bioavailability and bioaccessibility of bioactive compounds from fruits and vegetables: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 13(2):155-171.
Chang, C. C., Yang, M. H., Wen, H. M. and Chern, J. C. (2002). "Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colometric methods," Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10(3).
Clifford, M. N., Jaganath, I. B., Ludwig, I. A. and Crozier, A. (2017). Chlorogenic acids and the acyl-quinic acids: Discovery, biosynthesis, bioavailability and bioactivity. Natural product reports, 34(12):1391-1421.
Dewanto, V., Wu, X. and Liu, R. H. (2002). Processed sweet corn has higher antioxidant activity. Journal of Agricultural and food Chemistry, 50(17):4959-4964.
Ding, H., Chin, Y. W., Kinghorn, A. D. and D’Ambrosio, S. M. (2007, October). Chemopreventive characteristics of avocado fruit. In Seminars in cancer biology (Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 386-394). Academic Press.
Duthie, S. J. and Dobson, V. L. (1999). Dietary flavonoids protect human colonocyte DNA from oxidative attack in vitro. European journal of nutrition, 38:28-34.
El-Magd, M. A., Zedan, A. M., Zidan, N. S., Sakran, M. I., Bahattab, O., Oyouni, A. A. A., ... and Elmoslemany, A. M. (2022). Avocado seeds-mediated alleviation of cyclosporine a-induced hepatotoxicity involves the inhibition of oxidative stress and proapoptotic endoplasmic reticulum stress. Molecules, 27(22):7859.
Haleagrahara, N., Siew, C. J., and Ponnusamy, K. (2013). Effect of quercetin and desferrioxamine on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity in striatum of rats. The Journal of toxicological sciences, 38(1):25-33.
He, X. Z., Wang, X. and Dixon, R. A. (2006). Mutational analysis of the Medicago glycosyltransferase UGT71G1 reveals residues that control regioselectivity for (iso) flavonoid glycosylation. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 281(45):34441-34447.
Hertog, M. G. L., Feskens, E. J. M., Hollman, P. C. H., Katan, M. B. and Kromhout, D. (1993). Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study. Lancet, 342:1007–1011.
Ikeda, K., Liu, X., Kida, K., Marutani, E., Hirai, S., Sakaguchi, M., ... and Donnino, M. W. (2016). Thiamine as a neuroprotective agent after cardiac arrest. Resuscitation, 105:138-144.
Jan, A. T., Kamli, M. R., Murtaza, I., Singh, J. B., Ali, A. and Haq, Q. M. R. (2010). Dietary flavonoid quercetin and associated health benefits—an overview. Food Reviews International, 26(3):302-317.
Kousar, Z., Manzoor, S., Naz, S. and Shahid, M. S. (2023). Extraction, Fractionation, Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Cassia absus L. and Citrus medica L. Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Research, 9(2):133-146.
Kumari, P., Kumari, C. and Singh, P. S. (2017). Phytochemical screening of selected medicinal plants for secondary metabolites. Int. J. Life. Sci. Scienti. Res, 3(4):1151-1157.
Lachman, J., Orsák, M. and Pivec, V. (2000). Antioxidant contents and composition in some vegetables and their role in human nutrition. Zahradnictví – Hort. Sci., 27:65–78.
Lai, L. S., Chou, S. T. and Chao, W. W. (2001). Studies on the antioxidative activities of Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl) leaf gum. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 49(2):963-968.
Li, L., Su, C., Chen, X., Wang, Q., Jiao, W., Luo, H., ... and Guo, S. (2020). Chlorogenic acids in cardiovascular disease: A review of dietary consumption, pharmacology, and pharmacokinetics. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 68(24):6464-6484.
Liu, R. H. (2013). Health-promoting components of fruits and vegetables in the diet. Advances in nutrition, 4(3):384S-392S.
Maalik, A., Khan, F. A., Mumtaz, A., Mehmood, A., Azhar, S., Atif, M., ... and Tariq, I. (2014). Pharmacological applications of quercetin and its derivatives: a short review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 13(9):1561-1566.
Mohammed, Z. K. (2023). A Review on Therapeutic Potentials of Avocado Seed. Nigerian Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1):1-12.
Mustafa, G., Arif, R., Atta, A., Sharif, S. and Jamil, A. (2017). Bioactive compounds from medicinal plants and their importance in drug discovery in Pakistan. Matrix Sci. Pharma, 1(1):17-26.
Mythri, M., SanalDevK, T. and KottaiMuthu, A. (2020). Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of various extracts of aerial parts of Cassia absus: An in-vitro techniques. Int J Res Pharm Sci, 11:1545-50.
Nguyen, V., Taine, E. G., Meng, D., Cui, T. and Tan, W. (2024). Chlorogenic Acid: A Systematic Review on the Biological Functions, Mechanistic Actions, and Therapeutic Potentials. Nutrients, 16(7):924.
Nyakang'i, C. O., Ebere, R., Marete, E. and Arimi, J. M. (2023). Avocado production in Kenya in relation to the world, Avocado by-products (seeds and peels) functionality and Utilization in food products. Applied Food Research, 100275.
Ramos, F. A., Takaishi, Y., Shirotori, M., Kawaguchi, Y., Tsuchiya, K., Shibata, H., ... and Takeuchi, M. (2006). Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of quercetin oxidation products from yellow onion (Allium cepa) skin. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, 54(10):3551-3557.
Romagnoli, G., Luttik, M. A., Kötter, P., Pronk, J. T. and Daran, J. M. (2012). Substrate specificity of thiamine pyrophosphate-dependent 2-oxo-acid decarboxylases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and environmental microbiology, 78(21):7538-7548.
Russo, M., Spagnuolo, C., Tedesco, I., Bilotto, S. and Russo, G. L. (2012). The flavonoid quercetin in disease prevention and therapy: facts and fancies. Biochemical pharmacology, 83(1):6-15.
Salazar-López, N. J., Domínguez-Avila, J. A., Yahia, E. M., Belmonte-Herrera, B. H., Wall-Medrano, A., Montalvo-González, E. and González-Aguilar, G. (2020). Avocado fruit and by-products as potential sources of bioactive compounds. Food Research International, 138:109774.
Seelinger, M., Popescu, R., Seephonkai, P., Singhuber, J., Giessrigl, B., Unger, C., Bauer, S., Wagner, K., Fritzer-Szekeres, M., Szekeres, T., Diaz, R., Tut, F. M., Frisch, R., Feistel, B., Kopp, B. and Krupitza, G. (2012). Fractionation of an Extract of Pluchea odorata Separates a Property Indicative for the Induction of Cell Plasticity from One That Inhibits a Neoplastic Phenotype. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012.
Setyawan, H. Y., Sukardi, S. and Puriwangi, C. A. (2021). Phytochemicals properties of avocado seed: A review. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 733, No. 1, p. 012090). IOP Publishing.
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Raventos, R.M. (2002). Analysis of total phenol and other oxidative substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178.
Stalmach, A., Steiling, H., Williamson, G. and Crozier, A. (2010). Bioavailability of chlorogenic acids following acute ingestion of coffee by humans with an ileostomy. Archives of biochemistry and biophysics, 501(1):98-105.
Tene Tcheghebe, O., Nyamen, L. D., Ngouafong Tatong, F. and Seukep, A. J. (2016). Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical and pharmacological profiles, and toxicity of Persea americana mill.: An overview. Archives, 3:213-221.
Velu, G., Palanichamy, V. and Rajan, A. P. (2018). Phytochemical and pharmacological importance of plant secondary metabolites in modern medicine. Bioorganic phase in natural food: an overview, 135-156.
Wang, W., Bostic, T. R. and Gu, L. (2010). Antioxidant capacities, procyanidins and pigments in avocados of differentstrains and cultivars. Food chemistry, 122(4):1193-1198.
Williams, C. A. and Grayer, R. J. (2004). Anthocyanins and other flavonoids. Natural product reports, 21(4):539-573.
Xue, H., Wei, M. and Ji, L. (2023). Chlorogenic acids: A pharmacological systematic review on their hepatoprotective effects. Phytomedicine, 154961.
Yakubu, O. E., Nwodo, O. F., Joshua, P. E., Ugwu, M. N., Odu, A. D. and Okwo, F. (2014). Fractionation and determination of total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic and total flavonoids contents of aqueous, ethanol and n-hexane extracts of Vitex doniana leaves. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(5):693-698.
Zandi, K., Teoh, B. T., Sam, S. S., Wong, P. F., Mustafa, M. R. and AbuBakar, S. (2011). Antiviral activity of four types of bioflavonoid against dengue virus type-2. Virology journal, 8:1-11.