Prevalence and Risk Factors of Intestinal Protozoan Infections among Secondary School Students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria
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Authors:Joseph T.R.1*, Mijah A.K.2, Elizabeth A.3, Ogbadu J.I.4, Agbakyeni H.E.5, Agere H.I.J.6
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Abstract
Intestinal protozoan infections remain a public health concern among school-aged children in developing regions where access to safe water, sanitation, and appropriate hygiene practices is limited. This study assessed the prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections and potential risk factors among secondary school students in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 students from five public secondary schools. Stool specimens were examined using direct wet-mount and formol–ether concentration techniques, while structured questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics, hygiene behaviours, sanitation practices, and knowledge. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests at a 5% significance level. The overall prevalence was 6.75% (95% CI: 4.5–9.0%), comprising Giardia lamblia (3.25%) and Entamoeba histolytica (3.50%). Maramara Government Day School and Yakasaen Government Day School each recorded a prevalence of 10.0%, whereas Government Day School recorded the lowest prevalence at 2.5%. Prevalence did not differ significantly across schools (χ² = 5.864, p = .661), suggesting that exposure conditions may be distributed across the metropolis rather than concentrated in particular schools. Potential behavioural and environmental risk conditions included inconsistent handwashing before meals (38.15%), reliance on unsafe water sources such as streams (9.98%), and open defecation at home (19.95%) and at school (12.22%). Knowledge deficits were also evident: 62.84% of students were unaware of intestinal parasites, and 52.12% did not understand their transmission routes. Domestic animal ownership (63.53%), irregular footwear use, and limited deworming history represented additional potential exposure factors. The findings demonstrate an appreciable burden of intestinal protozoan infections associated with modifiable behavioural, environmental, and knowledge-related conditions. Strengthening school-based health education, improving water and sanitation infrastructure, promoting consistent hygiene practices, and implementing routine parasitological screening and appropriate treatment programmes are essential for reducing transmission and improving student health in Wukari Metropolis.
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References
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