Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Species Associated with the Deterioration of Painted Wall Surfaces in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba, Nigeria, North East
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73-92
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Feb 7, 2026
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10.58578/ajstm.v3i1.9090
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Authors:Ogodo Alloysius Chibuike1, Danya Sunday2, Ibrahim Alhaji Sabo3
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
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Abstract
Wall paintings are among the most expressive forms of human creativity, serving not only decorative purposes but also protecting wall surfaces; however, bacterial colonization of water-based paints can lead to biodeterioration that reduces both durability and aesthetic value. This study aimed to identify and characterize the bacterial species responsible for painted wall degradation using combined conventional microbiological and molecular approaches. Samples were collected by scraping portions of intact and deteriorated painted walls, serially diluted, and cultured on nutrient and MacConkey agars to estimate bacterial loads and isolate different species. Identification and characterization of isolates followed a four-step process comprising macroscopic and microscopic observations, biochemical tests, and sugar fermentation assays. Total bacterial counts ranged from 0.2 × 10⁶ to 2.7 × 10⁶ CFU/g, while coliform counts varied between 0.9 × 10⁶ and 3.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g. Both traditional and molecular analyses identified Bacillus foraminis (CV53), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA01), and Staphylococcus aureus as key species associated with paint deterioration, with Bacillus foraminis (69%) being dominant, followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20%) and Staphylococcus aureus (11%). Molecular data further revealed a broader bacterial diversity, including previously unreported taxa, with notable variation among sampling locations. Overall, this study advances the understanding of bacterial ecology on painted surfaces and provides a scientific basis for developing strategies to protect wall paintings and other painted substrates from microbial degradation.
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Painted Surfaces; Bacterial Biodeterioration; Water-Based Paints; Molecular Techniques; Microorganisms
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Chibuike, O. A., Sunday, D., & Sabo, I. A. (2026). Isolation and Identification of Bacteria Species Associated with the Deterioration of Painted Wall Surfaces in Wukari Metropolis, Taraba, Nigeria, North East. African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine, 3(1), 73-92. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajstm.v3i1.9090
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
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Bhutia, M. O., Thapa, N., & Tamang, J. P. (2021). Molecular characterization of bacteria, detection of enterotoxin genes, and screening of antibiotic susceptibility patterns in traditionally processed meat products of Sikkim, India. Frontiers in Microbiology, 11, 599606.
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Caneva, G., Bartoli, F., Fontani, M., Mazzeschi, D., & Visca, P. (2019). Change in biodeterioration pattern of mural painting: Multi-temporal mapping for a preventive conservation strategy in the crypt of the original sin (Matera, Italy). Journal of Cultural Heritage, 40, 59–68.
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Carstens, L. E. (2018). The impact of multinational corporations on the marketing mix of a South African architectural coating manufacturer (Doctoral dissertation, North-West University (SA), Potchefstroom Campus).
Caselli, E., Pancaldi, S., Baldisserotto, C., Petrucci, F., Impallaria, A., Volpe, L., & Bevilacqua, F. (2018). Characterization of biodegradation in a 17th century easel painting and potential for a biological approach. PLOS ONE, 13(12), e0207630.
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Cheng, J. C., Zheng, K. F., & Yongyu, R. (2014). Molecular identification of clinical “difficult-to-identify” microbes from sequencing 16S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer 2. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 13, 1.
Cherkaoui, A., Ceroni, D., & Emonet, S. (2009). Molecular diagnosis of Kingella kingae osteoarticular infections by specific real-time PCR assay. Journal Medical Microbiololgy, 58, 8–65.
Coelho, C., Mesquita, N., Costa, I., Soares, F., Trovão, J., & Freitas, H. (2021). Bacterial and archaeal structural diversity in several biodeterioration patterns on the limestone walls of the old cathedral of Coimbra. Microorganisms, 9, 709.
Cong, X., Xu, W., & Janton, S. (2016). Gut microbiome developmental patterns in early preterm infants: Impacts of feeding and gender. PLoS One, 11, e0152751.
David, B., Delannoy, J. J., Petchey, F., Gunn, R., Huntley, J., Veth, P., & Ouzman, S. (2019). Dating painting events through by-products of ochre processing: Borologa 1 rockshelter, Kimberley, Australia. Australian Archaeology, 1–38.
Edgar, R. C. (2010). Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST. Bioinformatics, 26(19), 2460–2461.
Ekeogu, M. N. (2024). Microbial deterioration of painted wall surfaces in the University of Delta campuses, Agbor, Delta State, Nigeria. Advance Journal of Agriculture and Ecology, 9(9).
Eliaz, N., Ron, E., Gozin, M., Younger, S., Biran, D., & Tal, N. (2018). Microbial degradation of epoxy. Materials, 11(11), 2123.
Enea, D., Bellardita, M., Scalisi, P., Alaimo, G., & Palmisano, L. (2019). Effects of weathering on the performance of self-cleaning photocatalytic paints. Cement and Concrete Composites, 96, 77–86.
English, S. E., Fjelde, S., Greenhalgh, M., McCabe, R. W., McKenna, T., Morton, L. H. G., & Sherrington, I. (2003). Laboratory and field studies on thin paint films. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 52(4), 247–253.
Frederick, A., Nurul, H., & Gulam, R. A. (2013). Molecular techniques for detecting and typing of bacteria: Advantages and application to foodborne pathogens isolated from duck. 3 Biotechnology, 3(2), 97–107.
Ghazali, Z., & Aigbogun, O. (2019). Information source and media channel preference of Malaysian consumers: A perception study on lead-based household paints hazards. Platform: A Journal of Management and Humanities, 1(1), 47–55.
Gorbushina, A. A., Heyrman, J., Dornieden, T., GonzalezDelvalle, M., Krumbein, W. E., Laiz, L., Petersen, K., Cesareo, S. J., & Swings, J. (2019). Bacterial and fungal diversity and biodeterioration problems in mural painting environments of St. Martins church (Greene Kreiensen, Germany). International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 13–24.
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Gupta, S., & Vora, S. M. (2018). Colour Academy, a CSR initiative of Asian Paints: Valuation & analysis of its social impact. Anvesha, 11(2).
Harris, K. A., & Hartley, J. C. (2003). Development of broad-range 16S rDNA PCR for use in the routine diagnostic clinical microbiology service. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 52, 685–691.
Hett, E. C., & Rubin, E. J. (2008). Bacterial growth and cell division: A mycobacterial perspective. Microbiology Molecular Biology Review, 72, 126–156.
Hunsaker, A. J., & Rocke, L. (2019). Street art in the library: Transforming spray paint into a digital archive and virtual reality experience. Journal of Digital Media Management, 7(3), 279–291.
Ikrimah, U. M., Brown, S. T. C., Sunday, D., Abdulkadir, N. U., Mijinyawa, I. J., Daniel, B. N., ... & Ojochide, D. D. (2025). Assessment of bacteriological quality among roasted pork meat in Wukari metropolis, North-East Nigeria. Journal of Research in Agriculture and Food Sciences, 2(2), 198–198.
Imperi, F., Caneva, G., Cancellieri, L., Ricci, M. A., Sodo, A., & Visca, P. (2019). The bacterial aetiology of rosy discolouration of ancient wall paintings. J. Environ. Microbiol., 1(1), 146–292.
Jannetta, H. (2008). Modern techniques in detection, identification and quantification of bacteria and peptides from foods.
Kurowski, G., Vogt, O., & Ogonowski, J. (2017). Paint-degrading microorganisms. Czasopismo Techniczne, 2017(12), 81–92.
Kurtböke, İ., Ivshina, I., & Blackall, L. L. (2018). Microbial biodeterioration and biodegradation. Microbiology Australia, 39(3), 115–116.
Laura, Z., Fabiana, C., Daniella, I., & Giulia, C. (2022). Fungi affecting wall paintings of historical value: A worldwide meta-analysis of their detected diversity. Applied Science, 12, 2988.
Lingvay, I., Fortuna, L., Varga, E., Bors, A. M., & Lingvay, D. (2018). Durability and anticorrosive protection capability of paint layers-biological factors influence. Electrotehnica, Electronica, Automatica, 66(4).
Maduka, C. M., & Igwilo, N. C. (2019). Microorganisms survive in paints. Current Analysis on Biotechnology, 2, 1–5.
Obidi, O. F., Aboaba, O. O., Makanjuola, M. S., & Nwachukwu, S. C. U. (2009). Microbial evaluation and deterioration of paints and paint-products. Journal of Environmental Biology, 30(5), 835.
Obidi, O., Nwachukwu, S., & Aboaba, O. (2010). Investigation on the biodegradative potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on water-based paints.
Ogodo, A. C., Agwaranze, D. I., Daji, M., & Aso, R. E. (2022). Microbial techniques and methods: Basic techniques and microscopy. In Analytical techniques in biosciences (pp. 201–220). Academic Press.
Okunye, O. L., Morakinyo, K. O., & Ayedun, J. S. (2013). Isolation and characterization of fungi associated with in-can degradation of paint. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3(12), 142–145.
Olayide, O., & Faluke, O. (2017). Bacterial and fungal biodeterioration of discolored building paints in Lagos, Nigeria. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 33(11).
Onuoha, O. (2018). Studies on the causes of emulsion paint degradation on buildings in Port Harcourt, Nigeria and paint forming properties of some African seed oils.
Opperman, A. A., & Gull, M. (2018). Presence and effects of anaerobic bacteria in water based paints. Journals Coatings Technology, 5(6), 51–57.
Padmini, P., & Kiran, U. V. (2020). Degradation of paints and its effects on health and environment. Journal of Critical Review, 7(19).
Pangallo, D., Bučková, M., Kraková, L., Puškárová, A., Šaková, N., Grivalský, T., Chovanová, K., & Zemánková, M. (2015). Biodeterioration of epoxy resin: A microbial survey through culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches. Environmental Microbiology, 17, 462–479.
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