Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosomiasis among School-Age Children and Adolescents in Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria
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Abstract
School-aged children and adolescents are particularly affected by schistosomiasis, and contact with water bodies during agricultural and recreational activities may increase exposure. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with schistosomiasis among children and adolescents in Zaria metropolis, Nigeria. A community-based cross-sectional study included 423 participants aged 6–19 years from Biye, Bomo, Wuchichiri, and Kufena communities. Multistage sampling was used to select communities, clusters, and households. Stool and urine samples were examined for Schistosoma eggs using standard laboratory techniques, while a questionnaire collected demographic information and data on potential risk factors. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26, with associations reported as adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and confidence intervals (CIs). Overall schistosomiasis prevalence was 10.6% (45/423), with Schistosoma haematobium detected in 9.5% (40/423) and Schistosoma mansoni in 1.2% (5/423). Frequent water contact through swimming and irrigation farming was associated with higher odds of infection (AOR = 2.688; CI: 1.341–5.386; p = .005). Geographical location was also associated with infection (AOR = 0.275; CI: 0.102–0.74; p = .011). The findings indicate that S. haematobium accounted for most infections and identify frequent water contact and geographical context as relevant considerations for schistosomiasis control. This study provides community-based evidence to inform local prevention and control planning for children and adolescents.
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