Evaluation of Trace Element Levels and Microbiological Quality of Borehole and Well Water from Different Sources in Wukari, Taraba State
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419-436
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Sep 9, 2025
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10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.7365
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Authors:
Obasi Blessing Chidi1, Elegbede Blessing Olawumi2 
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Abstract
This study assessed the levels of trace elements and microbiological quality of groundwater sources from boreholes and wells in Wukari. Sampling was conducted at five locations, with five samples each collected from boreholes and wells and analyzed using standard procedures. For borehole samples, trace element concentrations ranged from iron (Fe: 0.0127–0.0145 ppm), chromium (Cr: 0.0014–0.0110 ppm), manganese (Mn: 0.0019–0.0183 ppm), and copper (Cu: 0.0013–0.0155 ppm). Well water samples showed higher variability, with Fe (0.0216–0.6216 ppm), Cr (0.0190–0.1786 ppm), Mn (0.0109–0.0291 ppm), and Cu (0.0101–0.0425 ppm). All samples were within World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, except for elevated Fe in sample EPW (0.6216 ppm) and high Cr in samples OMW and EPW (0.1190 ppm and 0.1786 ppm, respectively). Zinc was not detected in any sample. Microbiological analysis revealed aerobic plate counts ranging from 3.1 × 10⁷ to 8.0 × 10⁷ cfu/ml, with no coliform or fungal growth detected. Bacterial isolates included Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with Klebsiella spp. and E. coli being predominant. While trace element levels suggest that groundwater sources are largely safe for drinking, the presence of potentially pathogenic bacteria highlights the need for appropriate treatment before consumption or use in food processing. These findings underscore the importance of continuous monitoring to safeguard public health and prevent waterborne diseases.
Article Details
How to Cite
Chidi, O. B., & Olawumi, E. B. (2025). Evaluation of Trace Element Levels and Microbiological Quality of Borehole and Well Water from Different Sources in Wukari, Taraba State. African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research, 2(3), 419-436. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajcmpr.v2i3.7365
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Deutsch, M. (2003). Natural controls involved in shallow Aquifer contamination. Ground Water 3.U.S Environmental Protection Agency: 37–58.
Duruibe, J. O., Ogwuegbu, M. O. C. and Egwurugwu, J. N. (2007). Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Biotoxic Effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2(5): 112-118.
Edem, V. E. and Elijah, A. I. (2016). Development of starter culture for the production of coconut yoghurt. Annuals Food Science and Technology, 17(1):41-49
Egbe, E.O., Mawak, J.D. and Oyewole, O.A. (2013). Microbiological Quality of Water in Fulani Settlements in GidanKwano, Minna, Niger State, Nigeria. Journal of Microbiology Research, 3(2): 67-70.
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Fraga, C.G. and Oteiza, P.I. (2002). Iron toxicity and antioxidant nutrients. Journal of Toxicology, 180(1) 23-32.
Grabow, W. O. K. (2000). The safety of water disinfection chemical and microbiological risks. Radison Denvalle Resort, Miami Beach, Florida, U.S.A: 15-17.
Ibe, S. N. and Okpalenye, J. I. (2005). Bacteriological analysis of borehole water in Uli, Nigeria. African Journal of Applied Zoology and Environmental Biology, 7:116-119.
Idowu, A.O., Oluremi, B.B. and Odubawo, K.M. (2011). Bacteriological analysis of well water samples in Sagamu. African journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology, 12(2):86-91.
Isikwue, M.O. and Chikezie, A. (2014). Quality assessment of various water brands marketed in Bauchi metropolis of Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology, 6 (6): 2489-2495.
.John,G.H; Neol, R.K; Peter, H.A; Sneath, J.T.S. and Stanley, Y.W. (2005). Bergey ’s Manual of
Determinative Bacteriology. Publisher: Lippincott William and Willkims, New York. ISBN. 9788-0683-00603-2.PP: 187-192.
Josiah, J. S., Nwangwu, C. O. S., Omage, K., Akpanyung, O. E. and Amaka. D. D. (2014). Physicochemical and Microbiological properties of water samples used for domestic purposes in Okada Town, Edo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(6): 886-894.
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Maureen, B.N., Anttoniette, N.O. and Afolayan, J.A. (2012). Physico-chemical and microbiological assessment of borehole water in Okutukutu, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(5):2549-2552.
Musa, O.K., Shaibu, M.M. and Kundamnya, E.A. (2013). Heavy metal concentration in groundwater around Obajana and its environs, Kogi State, North Central Nigeria. American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 3(8): 170-177.
Negera, E., Geritu, N. and Mulugeta, K. (2017). Microbiological assessment of drinking water with reference to diarrheagenic bacterial pathogens. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 11(6):254-263.
Ngele, S. O., Itumoh, E. J., Onwa, N. C. and Alobu, F. (2014).Quality assessment of selected ground water samples in Amike-Aba, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Science, 8(1): 2801-2805.
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Nkamare, M. B., Ofili, A. N. and Adeleke, A. J. (2012). Physicochemical and Microbiological assessment of borehole water in Okutukutu, Bayelsa State, Nigeria. Advances in Applied Science Research, 3(5): 2549-2552.
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Obasi B.C, Sunday B.A and Brown T.C. (2019). Enumeration of Microbial Quality of Yoghurt Incorporated with Moringa Oleifera Seed Flour During Storage. FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal; 813-820.
Odoh, R., Oko, O. J., Udegbunam, I. S., and Archibong, C. S. (2018). Assessment of Borehole Water Quality Consumed in Otukpo and Its Environs. International Journal of Ecological Science and Environmental Engineering, 5(3):71-78.
Odukoya, A.M. (2015). Geochemical and quality assessment of groundwater in some Nigerian basementcomplex. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technolology, 12:3643–3656.
Okunye O. L. and Odeleye, F. O. (2015). Bacteriological Investigation of Well Water Samples fromSelected Market Locations in Ibadan Nigeria. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention, 4(5):32-36.
Olajuba, F. A. and Ogunika, F. (2014). Assessment of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of borehole water samples from Akungba–Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria. International Journal of Pharma Science and Research, 5(7):367-374.
Oluyemi, E. A., Adekunle, A. S., Adenuga, A. A. and Makinde, W. O. (2010). Physico-chemical properties and heavy metal content of water sources in Ife North Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(10): 691-697.
Onilude, A.A., Adesina, F.C., Oluboyede, O.A. and Adeyemi, B.I. (2013). Microbiological quality of sachet packaged water vended in three local governments of Oyo State, Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science and Technology, 4(9): 195-200.
Onuorah, S., Nwoke, J. and Odibo, F. (2018). Bacteriological Assessment of the Public hand-pump borehole water in Onueke, Ezza South Local Government Area, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 2(2): 39-48.
Osibanjo, O. and Majolagbe, A.O. (2012). Physicochemical quality assessment of groundwater based on land use in Lagos city, Southwest, Nigeria. Chemistry Journal, 2(2) 79-86.
Shalom, N. C., Obinna, C. N., Adetayo, Y. O. and Eze, V.N. (2011).Assessment of water quality in Canaan Land, Ota, Southwest, Nigeria. Agriculture and Biological Journal of North America, (4) 577-583.
Sylvester, C. and Ebinyo, R. I. (2015). A review of the microbial quality of potable water sources in Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Biological and Basic Research, 1(1).
Szewzyk, V., Szewzyk, R., Manz, W. and Schleifer, K. H. (2002). Microbiological safety of drinking water. Annual Review of Microbiology, 54:81-127.
Tukura,B.W, Ibrahim, I. and Onche, E.U.(2017). Assessment of mineral elements and microbial qualities of borehole water in southern Nasarawa state, Nigeria. FUW Trends in Science & Technology Journal,2(1A):12-16.
Udom, G. J., Ushie, F. A., Esu, E. O. (2012). A geochemical survey of groundwater in Khana and Gokana Local Government Areas of Rivers State, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Science and Environmental Management, 6(1):53-59.
Uhuo, C. A., Uneke, B. I., Okereke, C. N., Nwele, D. E. and Ogbanshi, M. E. (2014). The bacteriological survey of borehole waters in Peri-Urban areas of Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria. International Journal of Bacteriology Research, 2(2): 28-31.
Ukpong, E. C. and Okon, B. B (2013). Comparative analysis of public and private borehole water supply sources in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3(1): 76-88.
Valavanidis, A. and Vlachogianni, T. (2010). Metal pollution in ecosystem,ecotoxicology studies & risk assessment in the marine environment. Department of Chemistry, University of Athens University Campus Zografou, 15784Athens, Greece.
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