Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Associated Health Risks in Some Vegetables Consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria
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942-959
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Oct 25, 2024
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10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.4001
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Authors:Hauwa Aduwamai Umaru1, Mohammed Abubakar2, Hyelda Stephen3
Copyright :Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication.
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Abstract
The use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to the accumulation of residues in food commodities, posing potential health risks. The levels of organochlorine pesticide residues in selected vegetables (sorrel, spinach, okra, lettuce and sesame) consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria were assessed. Vegetable samples were collected, extracted using the QuEChERS method and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Health risk assessment was conducted by estimating the estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and lifetime cancer risk (LCR). Organochlorine pesticides, including lindane, aldrin, endosulfan and DDT, were detected in varying concentrations across vegetable samples. Spinach exhibited the highest levels, exceeding European Union Maximum Residue Levels for α-lindane (1.555 mg/kg), β-lindane (1.718 mg/kg), δ-lindane (1.556 mg/kg), aldrin (1.990 mg/kg), endosulfan I (1.960 mg/kg) and endosulfan II (5.209 mg/kg). The HI was 5.56, indicating potential non-carcinogenic health risks. Spinach posed a high cancer risk for α-lindane, β-lindane and p,p'-DDT. Organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables consumed in Yola exceeded regulatory limits, with spinach posing the highest health risks. Effective monitoring, sustainable agricultural practices and strengthened regulatory frameworks are crucial to safeguard food safety and public health. Thus, consumption of vegetables in Yola should be done with caution.
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Umaru, H. A., Abubakar, M., & Stephen, H. (2024). Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues and Associated Health Risks in Some Vegetables Consumed in Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research, 1(2), 942-959. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.4001
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Ahmad, B. A. (2023). Assessment of Human Health Risk for Lead, Copper, Nickel, Mercury and Zinc in Fish Collected from Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State. BW Acad J: 14.
Ali, S., Ullah, M. I., Sajjad, A., Shakeel, Q. and Hussain, A. (2021). Environmental and Health Effects of Pesticide Residues. In Inamuddin, M. I. Ahamed, & E. Lichtfouse (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 48: Pesticide Occurrence, Analysis and Remediation Vol. 2 Analysis (pp. 311-336). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54719-6_8
Ananda, G. S. R. and Somashekar, R. K. (2012). Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Farmgate Samples of Vegetables in Karnataka, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 89(3): 626-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0737-1
Chen, C., Qian, Y., Chen, Q., Tao, C., Li, C. and Li, Y. (2011). Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Xiamen, China. Food Control, 22(7): 1114-1120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.007
Chen, S., Shi, L., Shan, Z. and Hu, Q. (2007). Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in rice and human and fish fat by simplified two-dimensional gas chromatography. Food Chem, 104(3): 1315-1319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.032
Dossa, K., Diouf, D., Wang, L., Wei, X., Zhang, Y., Niang, M., Fonceka, D., Yu, J., Mmadi, M. A., Yehouessi, L. W., Liao, B., Zhang, X. and Cisse, N. (2017). The Emerging Oilseed Crop Sesamum indicum Enters the “Omics” Era [Review]. Front Plant Sci, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01154
Douass, O., Samoudi, B., Bendaou, O. and Sanchez Cortes, S. (2022). A Brief Review of Recent Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Microfluidics Technology for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Pesticides. Egypt J Chem, 65(131): 133-150. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.99036.4764
Elkhalifa, A. E. O., Alshammari, E., Adnan, M., Alcantara, J. C., Awadelkareem, A. M., Eltoum, N. E., Mehmood, K., Panda, B. P. and Ashraf, S. A. (2021). Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) as a Potential Dietary Medicine with Nutraceutical Importance for Sustainable Health Applications. Molecules, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030696
European Food Safety Authority, Carrasco Cabrera, L. and Medina Pastor, P. (2022). The 2020 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal, 20(3): e07215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7215
Ferreira, J. F. S., Sandhu, D., Liu, X. and Halvorson, J. J. (2018). Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression. Agriculture, 8(10): 163.
Hashem, M. S. and Qi, X. (2021). Treated Wastewater Irrigation—A Review. Water, 13(11): 1527.
Ibrahim, E., Yakubu, N., Nnamonu, L. and Yakubu, J. (2018). Prevalence of organophosphorous pesticide residues in pumpkin, spinach and sorrel leaves grown in Akwanga, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. J Environ Prot, 9(5): 516-524.
Islam, M. A., Amin, S. M. N., Rahman, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Uddin, M. K., Brown, C. L. and Arshad, A. (2022). Chronic effects of organic pesticides on the aquatic environment and human health: A review. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag, 18: 100740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100740
Korpelainen, H. and Pietiläinen, M. (2020). Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.): Not Only a Weed but a Promising Vegetable and Medicinal Plant. Bot rev, 86(3): 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-020-09225-z
Lee, S.-H., Ra, J.-S., Choi, J.-W., Yim, B.-J., Jung, M.-S. and Kim, S.-D. (2014). Human health risks associated with dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in river water in Korea. Sci Total Environ, 470-471: 1362-1369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.030
Lehotay, S. J. (2007). Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int, 90(2): 485-520. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.485
Lehotay, S. J., Kok, A. d., Hiemstra, M. and Bodegraven, P. v. (2005). Validation of a Fast and Easy Method for the Determination of Residues from 229 Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Gas and Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Detection. J AOAC Int, 88(2): 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.2.595
Madiha, Z., Mahpara, F., Yasir, S., Kalsoom, S., Mateen, S., Ali, K. K., H., S. A. and Shuangfei, L. (2021). Health and environmental effects of silent killers Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl. J King Saud Univ - Sci, 33(6): 101511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101511
Mishra, S., Kumar, R. and Kumar, M. (2023). Use of treated sewage or wastewater as an irrigation water for agricultural purposes- Environmental, health, and economic impacts. Total Environ Res Themes, 6: 100051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2023.100051
Narenderan, S. T., Meyyanathan, S. N. and Babu, B. (2020). Review of pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables. Pre-treatment, extraction and detection techniques. Food Res Int, 133: 109141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109141
Odewale, G. O., Sosan, M. B., Oyekunle, J. A. O. and Adeleye, A. O. (2022). Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria. British Food Journal, 124(5): 1755-1774. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0573
Ogbeide, O., Tongo, I., Enuneku, A., Ogbomida, E. and Ezemonye, L. (2016). Human Health Risk Associated with Dietary and Non-Dietary Intake of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues from Rice Fields in Edo State Nigeria. Expos Health, 8(1): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0182-6
Olawale, O. and Confidence, C. L. (2021). Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in bean samples from Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol, 13(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5897/jece2019.0456
Oyenpemi, L. O., Tijani, A. A. and Kehinde, A. D. (2023). What determines a sustained use of approved pesticides for cleaner production and its impact on yield? Evidence from the cocoa industry in Osun State, Nigeria. Clean Responsible Consum, 9: 100113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100113
Qari, S. H., Kamel, E. A. and ElSayed, H. (2016). Characterization and Identification of Seed Storage Protein of Twelve Lettuce Cultivars. Biosci Biotech Res Asia, 13(4): 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2350
Qu, C., Qi, S., Yang, D., Huang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, W., Yohannes, H. K., Sandy, E. H., Yang, J. and Xing, X. (2015). Risk assessment and influence factors of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of the hill region: A case study from Ningde, southeast China. J Geochem Explor, 149(Complete): 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.11.002
Raaijmakers, I., Snoek, H., Maziya-Dixon, B. and Achterbosch, T. (2018). Drivers of Vegetable Consumption in Urban Nigeria: Food Choice Motives, Knowledge, and Self-Efficacy. Sustainability, 10(12): 4771.
Saleem, M., Iqbal, J. and Shah, M. H. (2019). Seasonal variations, risk assessment and multivariate analysis of trace metals in the freshwater reservoirs of Pakistan. Chemosphere, 216: 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.173
Sosan, M. B., Adeleye, A. O., Oyekunle, J. A. O., Udah, O., Oloruntunbi, P. M., Daramola, M. O. and Saka, W. T. (2020). Dietary risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in maize-based complementary breakfast food products in Nigeria. Heliyon, 6(12): e05803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05803
Umaru, C. and Arabo, U. A. (2021). A Study of the Impact of British Colonial Agriculture on Yola Division of Adamawa Province. J Res Humanit Soc Sci, 9(12): 8-12.
Valcke, M., Bourgault, M.-H., Rochette, L., Normandin, L., Samuel, O., Belleville, D., Blanchet, C. and Phaneuf, D. (2017). Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides: A cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective. Environ Int, 108: 63-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.023
Yuan, X., Lee, J., Han, H., Ju, B., Park, E., Shin, Y., Lee, J. and Kim, J.-H. (2021). Translocation of residual ethoprophos and tricyclazole from soil to spinach. Appl Biol Chem, 64(1): 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00619-0
Zikankuba, V. L., Mwanyika, G., Ntwenya, J. E. and James, A. (2019). Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety. Cogent Food Agric, 5(1): 1601544. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1601544
Ahmad, B. A. (2023). Assessment of Human Health Risk for Lead, Copper, Nickel, Mercury and Zinc in Fish Collected from Lake Geriyo, Adamawa State. BW Acad J: 14.
Ali, S., Ullah, M. I., Sajjad, A., Shakeel, Q. and Hussain, A. (2021). Environmental and Health Effects of Pesticide Residues. In Inamuddin, M. I. Ahamed, & E. Lichtfouse (Eds.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews 48: Pesticide Occurrence, Analysis and Remediation Vol. 2 Analysis (pp. 311-336). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54719-6_8
Ananda, G. S. R. and Somashekar, R. K. (2012). Evaluation of Pesticide Residues in Farmgate Samples of Vegetables in Karnataka, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 89(3): 626-632. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0737-1
Chen, C., Qian, Y., Chen, Q., Tao, C., Li, C. and Li, Y. (2011). Evaluation of pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables from Xiamen, China. Food Control, 22(7): 1114-1120. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.01.007
Chen, S., Shi, L., Shan, Z. and Hu, Q. (2007). Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in rice and human and fish fat by simplified two-dimensional gas chromatography. Food Chem, 104(3): 1315-1319. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.10.032
Dossa, K., Diouf, D., Wang, L., Wei, X., Zhang, Y., Niang, M., Fonceka, D., Yu, J., Mmadi, M. A., Yehouessi, L. W., Liao, B., Zhang, X. and Cisse, N. (2017). The Emerging Oilseed Crop Sesamum indicum Enters the “Omics” Era [Review]. Front Plant Sci, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.01154
Douass, O., Samoudi, B., Bendaou, O. and Sanchez Cortes, S. (2022). A Brief Review of Recent Advances in Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy and Microfluidics Technology for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Pesticides. Egypt J Chem, 65(131): 133-150. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.99036.4764
Elkhalifa, A. E. O., Alshammari, E., Adnan, M., Alcantara, J. C., Awadelkareem, A. M., Eltoum, N. E., Mehmood, K., Panda, B. P. and Ashraf, S. A. (2021). Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus) as a Potential Dietary Medicine with Nutraceutical Importance for Sustainable Health Applications. Molecules, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030696
European Food Safety Authority, Carrasco Cabrera, L. and Medina Pastor, P. (2022). The 2020 European Union report on pesticide residues in food. EFSA Journal, 20(3): e07215. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7215
Ferreira, J. F. S., Sandhu, D., Liu, X. and Halvorson, J. J. (2018). Spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) Response to Salinity: Nutritional Value, Physiological Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Gene Expression. Agriculture, 8(10): 163.
Hashem, M. S. and Qi, X. (2021). Treated Wastewater Irrigation—A Review. Water, 13(11): 1527.
Ibrahim, E., Yakubu, N., Nnamonu, L. and Yakubu, J. (2018). Prevalence of organophosphorous pesticide residues in pumpkin, spinach and sorrel leaves grown in Akwanga, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. J Environ Prot, 9(5): 516-524.
Islam, M. A., Amin, S. M. N., Rahman, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Uddin, M. K., Brown, C. L. and Arshad, A. (2022). Chronic effects of organic pesticides on the aquatic environment and human health: A review. Environ Nanotechnol Monit Manag, 18: 100740. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2022.100740
Korpelainen, H. and Pietiläinen, M. (2020). Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.): Not Only a Weed but a Promising Vegetable and Medicinal Plant. Bot rev, 86(3): 234-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-020-09225-z
Lee, S.-H., Ra, J.-S., Choi, J.-W., Yim, B.-J., Jung, M.-S. and Kim, S.-D. (2014). Human health risks associated with dietary exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in river water in Korea. Sci Total Environ, 470-471: 1362-1369. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.030
Lehotay, S. J. (2007). Determination of Pesticide Residues in Foods by Acetonitrile Extraction and Partitioning with Magnesium Sulfate: Collaborative Study. J AOAC Int, 90(2): 485-520. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/90.2.485
Lehotay, S. J., Kok, A. d., Hiemstra, M. and Bodegraven, P. v. (2005). Validation of a Fast and Easy Method for the Determination of Residues from 229 Pesticides in Fruits and Vegetables Using Gas and Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometric Detection. J AOAC Int, 88(2): 595-614. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/88.2.595
Madiha, Z., Mahpara, F., Yasir, S., Kalsoom, S., Mateen, S., Ali, K. K., H., S. A. and Shuangfei, L. (2021). Health and environmental effects of silent killers Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyl. J King Saud Univ - Sci, 33(6): 101511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2021.101511
Mishra, S., Kumar, R. and Kumar, M. (2023). Use of treated sewage or wastewater as an irrigation water for agricultural purposes- Environmental, health, and economic impacts. Total Environ Res Themes, 6: 100051. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2023.100051
Narenderan, S. T., Meyyanathan, S. N. and Babu, B. (2020). Review of pesticide residue analysis in fruits and vegetables. Pre-treatment, extraction and detection techniques. Food Res Int, 133: 109141. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109141
Odewale, G. O., Sosan, M. B., Oyekunle, J. A. O. and Adeleye, A. O. (2022). Assessment of systemic and carcinogenic health risks of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in four fruit vegetables in south-western Nigeria. British Food Journal, 124(5): 1755-1774. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-05-2021-0573
Ogbeide, O., Tongo, I., Enuneku, A., Ogbomida, E. and Ezemonye, L. (2016). Human Health Risk Associated with Dietary and Non-Dietary Intake of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues from Rice Fields in Edo State Nigeria. Expos Health, 8(1): 53-66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-015-0182-6
Olawale, O. and Confidence, C. L. (2021). Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in bean samples from Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria. J Environ Chem Ecotoxicol, 13(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.5897/jece2019.0456
Oyenpemi, L. O., Tijani, A. A. and Kehinde, A. D. (2023). What determines a sustained use of approved pesticides for cleaner production and its impact on yield? Evidence from the cocoa industry in Osun State, Nigeria. Clean Responsible Consum, 9: 100113. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2023.100113
Qari, S. H., Kamel, E. A. and ElSayed, H. (2016). Characterization and Identification of Seed Storage Protein of Twelve Lettuce Cultivars. Biosci Biotech Res Asia, 13(4): 1959-1967. https://doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2350
Qu, C., Qi, S., Yang, D., Huang, H., Zhang, J., Chen, W., Yohannes, H. K., Sandy, E. H., Yang, J. and Xing, X. (2015). Risk assessment and influence factors of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of the hill region: A case study from Ningde, southeast China. J Geochem Explor, 149(Complete): 43-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.11.002
Raaijmakers, I., Snoek, H., Maziya-Dixon, B. and Achterbosch, T. (2018). Drivers of Vegetable Consumption in Urban Nigeria: Food Choice Motives, Knowledge, and Self-Efficacy. Sustainability, 10(12): 4771.
Saleem, M., Iqbal, J. and Shah, M. H. (2019). Seasonal variations, risk assessment and multivariate analysis of trace metals in the freshwater reservoirs of Pakistan. Chemosphere, 216: 715-724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.173
Sosan, M. B., Adeleye, A. O., Oyekunle, J. A. O., Udah, O., Oloruntunbi, P. M., Daramola, M. O. and Saka, W. T. (2020). Dietary risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in maize-based complementary breakfast food products in Nigeria. Heliyon, 6(12): e05803. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05803
Umaru, C. and Arabo, U. A. (2021). A Study of the Impact of British Colonial Agriculture on Yola Division of Adamawa Province. J Res Humanit Soc Sci, 9(12): 8-12.
Valcke, M., Bourgault, M.-H., Rochette, L., Normandin, L., Samuel, O., Belleville, D., Blanchet, C. and Phaneuf, D. (2017). Human health risk assessment on the consumption of fruits and vegetables containing residual pesticides: A cancer and non-cancer risk/benefit perspective. Environ Int, 108: 63-74. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.07.023
Yuan, X., Lee, J., Han, H., Ju, B., Park, E., Shin, Y., Lee, J. and Kim, J.-H. (2021). Translocation of residual ethoprophos and tricyclazole from soil to spinach. Appl Biol Chem, 64(1): 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13765-021-00619-0
Zikankuba, V. L., Mwanyika, G., Ntwenya, J. E. and James, A. (2019). Pesticide regulations and their malpractice implications on food and environment safety. Cogent Food Agric, 5(1): 1601544. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2019.1601544