A Hybrid Elzaki Transform-Daftardar-Jafari Method for Solving Nonlinear Proportional Delay Differential Equations
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13-25
Digital Object Identifier:
10.58578/mikailalsys.v4i1.8106
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Authors:
Sanda L. N.1*, Okai J. O.2, Nasir U.M.3, U. A. Mujahid4, Michael Cornelius5, Ndam G.S.6 
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Abstract
Proportional delay differential equations (PDDEs) arise naturally in viscoelasticity, control theory, biology, population dynamics, and fractional-order physical models in which the future state depends on the value of the solution at a proportion of the current time, but their nonlinear nature and delay terms make analytic treatment challenging. This study develops a hybrid computational scheme that combines the Elzaki Transform (ET) and the Daftardar–Jafari Method (DJM) to obtain accurate analytical–approximate solutions for linear and nonlinear PDDEs. In the proposed approach, the Elzaki transform converts the PDDE into an algebraic functional equation, which is subsequently decomposed using DJM without the need for Adomian polynomials. The method is straightforward, computationally efficient, and capable of handling strong nonlinearities. Several illustrative examples are presented to demonstrate its efficiency, and the results confirm that the ET–DJM hybrid provides a powerful alternative to classical methods such as the Laplace transform, Adomian Decomposition Method (ADM), Variational Iteration Method (VIM), Homotopy Perturbation Method (HPM), and homotopy analysis methods.
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