Tren Global Penelitian Kompetensi Digital di Institusi Pendidikan: Studi Analisis Bibliometrik Global Trends in Digital Competence Research in Educational Institutions: A Bibliometric Analysis Study
Main Article Content
Abstract
Digital competence is an important 21st-century competence that supports digital transformation in education and various other sectors. The increasing number of scholarly publications on digital competence indicates the need for a comprehensive mapping of research developments to understand the direction, focus, and opportunities for future studies. This study aims to analyze global publication trends, the development of research themes, and to identify the main focus and research opportunities concerning digital competence in educational institutions. This study used a bibliometric approach to 160 articles indexed in Scopus during the 2016–2025 period. The analysis was conducted using Bibliometrix and VOSviewer to map publication trends, citations, keyword occurrence, co-occurrence networks, and the evolution of research themes. The findings show that publications on digital competence have increased, especially since 2021, and reached their peak in 2025. The research themes are dominated by digital literacy, ICT, and professional development, while emerging themes such as artificial intelligence, digital transformation, online learning, and professionalism in digital competence have begun to develop in recent years. These findings indicate a shift in research focus from digital literacy toward the integration of intelligent technologies and the development of professional digital competence. The conclusion of this study affirms that research on digital competence in educational institutions continues to develop dynamically and contributes to expanding understanding of digital transformation in education. The implications of this study provide a conceptual basis for researchers, educators, and policymakers in formulating research agendas and strategies for strengthening digital competence that are relevant to the needs of contemporary education.

Citation Metrics:
Downloads
Article Details

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Aimicheva, G., Shaikhanova, A., Iklassova, K., Tazabekova, P., Nazyrova, A., & Kadyr, Y. (2025). Fostering teachers’ digital competence in AI-supported learning environments: Implications for interactive teaching and student achievement. Applied Sciences, 15(23). https://doi.org/10.3390/app152312597
Basak, R. (2025). Reconceptualizing the education system with social media. In Psychology and intricacies in social media interactions: A critical perspective (pp. 243–262). Apple Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003614326-14
Beardsley, M., Albó, L., Aragón, P., & Hernández-Leo, D. (2021). Emergency education effects on teacher abilities and motivation to use digital technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1455–1477. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13101
Bojórquez-Roque, M. S., Oliva-Córdova, L. M., Garcia-Cabot, A., & Garcia-Lopez, E. (2025). Mobile applications and classroom response systems to enhance learning performance: An experience from digital competences. International Journal of Engineering Education, 41(2), 266–279.
Boztaş, G. D., Berigel, M., Altinay, F., & Altinay, Z. (2025). Learning modalities shaped by digital transformation in distance education: A bibliometric analysis of trends and reflections (2017–2023). Open Praxis, 17(2), 349–362. https://doi.org/10.55982/openpraxis.17.2.837
Bravo, M. C. M., Chalezquer, C. S., & Serrano-Puche, J. (2021). Meta-framework of digital literacy: Comparative analysis of 21st century skills frameworks. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, 2021(79), 76–110. https://doi.org/10.4185/RLCS-2021-1508
Carpenter, J. P., Rosenberg, J. M., Kessler, A., Romero-Hall, E., & Fischer, C. (2024). The importance of context in teacher educators’ professional digital competence. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 30(4), 400–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2024.2320155
Chandratreya, A. (2025). Digital transformation and the future workforce. In Transforming the service sector with new technology (pp. 19–40). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-7447-4.ch002
Chen, H., Tsang, Y. P., & Wu, C. H. (2023). When text mining meets science mapping in the bibliometric analysis: A review and future opportunities. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 15. https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790231222349
Chiravuri, A. (2026). Examining the mediating role of self-efficacy and student engagement between student’s digital competence and their academic performance. In A. Iglesias, J. Shin, N. Bhatt, & A. Joshi (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems (Vol. 1757, pp. 117–123). Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-13203-1_11
Deák, C., & Kumar, B. (2024). A systematic review of STEAM education’s role in nurturing digital competencies for sustainable innovations. Education Sciences, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14030226
Diltemiz, M. (2026). From digital literacy to AI literacy for citizens. In Artificial intelligence in public administration: From e-government to smart government (pp. 211–224). Nova Science Publishers.
Estigarribia, D. L. C. (2025). Inclusion of digital competence in the teachers training curriculum in Paraguay. Revista Colombiana de Educación, 95. https://doi.org/10.17227/rce.num95-18912
Fedorova, N. Y., & Nikiforova, E. N. (2022). Incorporating digital competences in social sciences and humanities subjects curricula: A course design framework. Proceedings of the International Conference on Technology Enhanced Learning in Higher Education, 137–141. https://doi.org/10.1109/TELE55498.2022.9801002
Fernández Recio, M., Cívico Ariza, A., & Martínez-García, I. (2025). Artificial intelligence and digital competence: A bibliometric study of scientific production. Educação e Pesquisa, 51. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-4634202551294659es
Fursykova, T., Habelko, O., & Chernii, V. (2022). The development of digital competence of future teachers in the process of distance learning. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 17(10), 85–98. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v17i10.28973
Hassan, S. T. T. (2026). Navigating bibliometric analysis: A stepwise approach using Bibliometrix library in R software. In Building applied models for problem solving (pp. 407–416). IGI Global Scientific Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-3301-4.ch012
Herrera-Viedma, E., Martinez, M. A., & Herrera, M. (2016). Bibliometric tools for discovering information in database. In M. Ali, H. Fujita, J. Sasaki, M. Kurematsu, & A. Selamat (Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 9799, pp. 193–203). Springer Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42007-3_17
Holik, I., Kersánszki, T., Molnár, G., & Sanda, I. D. (2023). Teachers’ digital skills and methodological characteristics of online education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy, 13(4), 50–65. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v13i4.37077
Kamaruzaman, F. M., Othman, N. N. J. N., Omar, M., & Zaid, M. F. A. M. (2025). Future generic skills for technical vocational education graduates. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 24(3), 312–332. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.24.3.15
Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2026). A CiteSpace-based analysis of research hotspots and trends in the application of artificial intelligence in environmental design. Proceedings of the International Conference on Digital Transformation Management, 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1145/3795546.3795584
Lucas, M., Moreira, A., & Costa, N. (2017). The European digital competence framework: Contribution for its comprehension and development. Observatorio, 11(4), 181–198.
Luo, R., Husnin, H. B., & Bin Zaini, M. H. (2025). A systematic review of teachers’ digital competence and its effect on students’ academic self-efficacy, learning engagement and other outcomes. Environment and Social Psychology, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.59429/esp.v10i9.4082
Martínez-Bravo, M. C., Chalezquer, C. S., & Serrano-Puche, J. (2022). Dimensions of digital literacy in the 21st century competency frameworks. Sustainability, 14(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031867
Minh, L. L. T. (2026). Examining teacher educators’ role in enhancing digital competence in Vietnam’s teacher training policies. Human Research in Rehabilitation, 16(1), 21–35. https://doi.org/10.21554/hrr.042603
Muktiarni, M., Rahayu, N. I., & Wardani, A. K. (2023). Digitalization and transformation in technical and vocational education. In Progress in Education (Vol. 76, pp. 225–241). Nova Science Publishers.
Nagel, I., & Amdam, S. H. (2025). Teachers’ professional digital competence. Encyclopedia, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/encyclopedia5030148
Núñez-Canal, M., de Obesso, M. D. L. M., & Pérez-Rivero, C. A. (2022). New challenges in higher education: A study of the digital competence of educators in Covid times. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121270
Nurjannah, E., Mangesa, R. T., Fakhri, M. M., Fajar B., M., & Arifiyanti, F. (2025). Enhancing digital learning outcomes: The combined impact of competence and psychological traits. Online Learning in Educational Research, 5(2), 277–288. https://doi.org/10.58524/oler.v5i2.513
Retelj, A. (2022). Development of digital competence of future teachers of German as a foreign language at the University of Ljubljana. Folia Linguistica et Litteraria, 13(41), 139–161. https://doi.org/10.31902/fll.41.2022.7
Sánchez-Caballé, A., Gisbert-Cervera, M., & Esteve-Mon, F. (2020). The digital competence of university students: A systematic literature review. Aloma, 38(1), 63–74.
Saputro, D. R. S., Prasetyo, H., Wibowo, A., Khairina, F., Sidiq, K., & Wibowo, G. N. A. (2023). Bibliometric analysis of neural basis expansion analysis for interpretable time series (N-BEATS) for research trend mapping. Barekeng, 17(2), 1103–1112. https://doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol17iss2pp1103-1112
Semerikov, S. O., Striuk, A. M., Pinchuk, O. P., Vakaliuk, T. A., Kanevska, O. B., & Ostroushko, O. A. (2025). Immersive technologies, AI integration, and STEAM pedagogical innovations at AREdu 2025. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 4060, 1–23.
Solmaz, E., Özcan, S., & Coşkun, B. K. (2023). Digital and ICT literacy in distance education: A systematic review of definitions and transformations. In Information literacy skills and the role of social media in disseminating scholarly information in the 21st century (pp. 24–41). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-8805-8.ch001
Srinivasan, K. R., Rahman, N. H. A., & Ravana, S. D. (2025). Reskilling and upskilling future educators for the demands of artificial intelligence in the modern era of education. In Pitfalls of AI integration in education: Skill obsolescence, misuse, and bias (pp. 175–200). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-0122-8.ch008
Suknunan, S., & Machácková, P. (2025). Digital leadership: Challenges and promises of digital transformation for higher education through a critical review. In AI and digital technologies transformation in global industries (pp. 121–154). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3373-6097-3.ch005
Tikhonova, N. V., & Sabirova, D. R. (2025). Teacher AI literacy: A theoretical conceptualisation. Obrazovanie i Nauka, 27(6), 180–206. https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2025-6-180-206
Toktarova, V. I., Rebko, O. V., & Semenova, D. A. (2025). Structural analysis and features of the development of digital competence of future educators. Perspektivy Nauki i Obrazovania, 2025(5), 665–680. https://doi.org/10.32744/pse.2025.5.43
Vakaliuk, T. A., Spirin, O. M., Chyzhmotria, O. V., Chyzhmotria, O. H., Novitska, I. V., Didkivska, S. O., & Iefremov, I. M. (2025). Rapid digital competence development through emergency remote teaching: A three-wave analysis of teacher training during COVID-19. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 4043, 68–77.
Wang, Y., & Huang, P. (2025). Harnessing the potential of social media platforms for sustainable and inclusive learning among older adults in the digital era. Interactive Learning Environments, 33(8), 4990–5003. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2025.2476717
Yang, Y., Lee, T. T., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Digital competence of students in higher education: A systematic review (2019–2023). Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 33(4), 1621–1646. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjssh.33.4.10
Yuan, N., Yu, Q., & Liu, W. (2025). The impact of digital literacy on learning outcomes among college students: The mediating effect of digital atmosphere, self-efficacy for digital technology and digital learning. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1641687
Zhang, F., Gong, X., & Mo, S. (2026). The impact of digital transformation on human capital investment. Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting and Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/16081625.2026.2632627
Zhang, L., Yang, C., & Zheng, Y. (2026). Digital competence for sustainable education of pre-service teachers: A systematic literature review (2014–2024). Frontiers in Psychology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1710983
Zou, Y., Kuek, F., Feng, W., & Cheng, X. (2025). Digital learning in the 21st century: Trends, challenges, and innovations in technology integration. Frontiers in Education, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1562391














