Estrogenic-Like Potential of Aqueous Extract of Soursop and Johar Leaf Extract (Annona muricata) on MCF-7 and NIH-3T3 Cells
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Nov 11, 2025
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Authors:Isaac John Umaru1, Gideon Likida Tiimob2, Musbau Adekunle Yahaya3, Joseph Oteng4
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Abstract
Annona muricata (soursop) is a tropical plant widely recognized for its pharmacological properties, including anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and hormonal regulatory effects. This study examines the estrogenic-like potential of aqueous leaf extracts of A. muricata and Siamese senna (Johar) on estrogen receptor-positive human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7). A series of in vitro assays—including cell viability analysis, morphological assessment, and estrogen receptor expression profiling—were conducted to evaluate the bioactivity of the extracts. Results indicate that the A. muricata extract exerts a dose-dependent proliferative effect on MCF-7 cells, consistent with estrogenic activity. These findings suggest that A. muricata may act as a phytoestrogen, with potential applications in hormone-related therapeutic interventions. Further research is recommended to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its estrogenic effects and to assess its safety and efficacy in vivo, particularly in the context of hormone-sensitive cancers.
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Umaru, I. J., Tiimob, G. L., Yahaya, M. A., & Oteng, J. (2025). Estrogenic-Like Potential of Aqueous Extract of Soursop and Johar Leaf Extract (Annona muricata) on MCF-7 and NIH-3T3 Cells. African Journal of Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy Research, 3(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajcmpr.v3i1.7894
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37. Clarkson, C., et al. (2004). In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from Combretum species. South African Journal of Botany, 70(4), 578–583.
38. Sánchez-Díez, M. et al. (2025) – This study discusses the use of IC50 and other indices for evaluating chemotherapy efficacy, highlighting how IC50 reflects the concentration needed to inhibit cell viability by 50%. It also explores time-independent methods for assessing drug performance. Assessment of Cell Viability in Drug Therapy: IC50 and Other New Time-Independent Indices
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40. Hazekawa, M. et al. (2019) – This research evaluates IC50 levels using real-time cell monitoring systems, comparing the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents on carcinoma cells and normal cells. Evaluation of IC50 levels immediately after treatment with anticancer reagents
41. Sánchez-Díez, M. et al. (2025). Assessment of Cell Viability in Drug Therapy: IC50 and Other New Time-Independent Indices. Pharmaceutics Let me know if you'd like help formatting these references in APA, MLA, or another citation style.
2. International Agency for Research on Cancer. (2023). Major global study reveals worldwide variations in the stage at which women are diagnosed with breast cancer [Press release]. https://www.iarc.who.int/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/pr343_E.pdf
3. World Health Organization. (2023). WHO launches new roadmap on breast cancer. https://www.who.int/news/item/03-02-2023-who-launches-new-roadmap-on-breast-cancer
4. American Cancer Society. (2022). Chemotherapy for breast cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/breast-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy.html
5. Gavamukulya, Y., Wamunyokoli, F., El-Shemy, H. A. (2017). Annona muricata: A review on its traditional uses, phytochemicals and pharmacology. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 10(9), 835–845.
6. Moghadamtousi, S. Z., et al. (2015). Annona muricata (Annonaceae): A review of its traditional uses, isolated acetogenins and biological activities. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(7), 15625–15658.
7. Dewi, R. M., et al. (2021). Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of soursop leaf extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(1), 45–52.
8. Padma, P. R., et al. (2012). Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of Annona muricata extract on breast cancer cell line. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 142(3), 586–591.
9. Torres, M. P., et al. (2012). Mechanisms of apoptosis induction by natural compounds in cancer cells. Phytotherapy Research, 26(10), 1425–1438.
10. Liu, J., et al. (2013). Apoptosis-related gene expression in MCF-7 cells treated with soursop leaf extract. Cancer Cell International, 13(1), 1–9.
11. Arora, R., et al. (2018). Evaluation of cytotoxic potential of Annona muricata leaf extract. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics, 14(2), 324–330.
12. Nawwar, M. A. M., et al. (2015). Phenolic compounds from Annona muricata leaves. Phytochemistry Letters, 13, 1–5.
13. Sari, R. P., et al. (2020). Antioxidant activity of Senna siamea leaf extract. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(5), 1100–1105.
14. Tiwari, P., et al. (2011). Phytochemical screening and evaluation of Senna siamea leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(3), 88–91.
15. Yusuf, M., et al. (2019). Cytotoxicity of Senna siamea leaf extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(3), 78–82.
16. Khamis, S., et al. (2014). Cassiarin compounds from Senna siamea and their anticancer potential. Natural Product Research, 28(5), 345–350.
17. Soule, H. D., et al. (1973). A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a breast carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 51(5), 1409–1416.
18. Holliday, D. L., Speirs, V. (2011). Choosing the right cell line for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Research, 13(4), 215.
19. Newman, D. J., Cragg, G. M. (2016). Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products, 79(3), 629–661.
20. Mosmann, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1-2), 55–63.
21. Todaro, G. J., Green, H. (1963). Quantitative studies of the growth of mouse embryo cells in culture and their development into established lines. Journal of Cell Biology, 17(2), 299–313.
22. Ali, S., Coombes, R. C. (2000). Estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer: Occurrence and significance. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 5(3), 271
23. Ali, S., & Coombes, R. C. (2000). Estrogen receptor alpha in human breast cancer: Occurrence and significance. Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia, 5(3), 271–281.
24. Dewi, R. M., et al. (2021). Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of soursop leaf extract. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 11(1), 45–52.
25. Holliday, D. L., & Speirs, V. (2011). Choosing the right cell line for breast cancer research. Breast Cancer Research, 13(4), 215.
26. Mosmann, T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: Application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of Immunological Methods, 65(1–2), 55–63.
27. Newman, D. J., & Cragg, G. M. (2016). Natural products as sources of new drugs from 1981 to 2014. Journal of Natural Products, 79(3), 629–661.
28. Sari, R. P., et al. (2020). Antioxidant activity of Senna siamea leaf extract. Pharmacognosy Journal, 12(5), 1100–1105.
29. Soule, H. D., et al. (1973). A human cell line from a pleural effusion derived from a breast carcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 51(5), 1409–1416.
30. Tiwari, P., et al. (2011). Phytochemical screening and evaluation of Senna siamea leaves. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(3), 88–91.
31. Yusuf, M., et al. (2019). Cytotoxicity of Senna siamea leaf extract. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 12(3), 78–82.
32. Venkatesh Naik, A., & Sellappan, K. (2020). Assessment of Genotoxic potential of Annonacin and Annona muricata L. extracts on human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Springer
33. Bhosale, A.M., Tambe, H.S., & Kakad, S.L. (2021). Annona muricata L.: A Review on its Medicinal Values. BEPLS
34. King Chinwuko, O.S., & Asomugha, A.L. (2024). Impact of Annona muricata leaf on estrogen and progesterone functions in mercury-induced toxicity. World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews
35. Trott, O., & Olson, A. J. (2010). AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 31(2), 455–461. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcc.21334
36. Hamidi, M. R., Jovanova, B., & Kadifkova Panovska, T. (2014). Toxicological evaluation of the plant products using Brine Shrimp (Artemia salina L.) model. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 60(1), 9–18.
37. Clarkson, C., et al. (2004). In vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from Combretum species. South African Journal of Botany, 70(4), 578–583.
38. Sánchez-Díez, M. et al. (2025) – This study discusses the use of IC50 and other indices for evaluating chemotherapy efficacy, highlighting how IC50 reflects the concentration needed to inhibit cell viability by 50%. It also explores time-independent methods for assessing drug performance. Assessment of Cell Viability in Drug Therapy: IC50 and Other New Time-Independent Indices
39. Al-Ani, L. A. et al. (2019) – This dataset presents IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) for cancer cells treated with nanocomposites, demonstrating how SI is calculated and used to assess the safety margin between cancer and normal cells.IC50 values and selectivity index (SI) of cancer cells treated with nanocomposites
40. Hazekawa, M. et al. (2019) – This research evaluates IC50 levels using real-time cell monitoring systems, comparing the cytotoxic effects of anticancer agents on carcinoma cells and normal cells. Evaluation of IC50 levels immediately after treatment with anticancer reagents
41. Sánchez-Díez, M. et al. (2025). Assessment of Cell Viability in Drug Therapy: IC50 and Other New Time-Independent Indices. Pharmaceutics Let me know if you'd like help formatting these references in APA, MLA, or another citation style.