Land Use and Land Cover in Akure City, Ondo State, Nigeria, Using GIS and Remote Sensing
Main Article Content
Abstract
Urbanization and industrial development have intensified pressure on forest reserves in cities and settlement areas, increasing the vulnerability of urban forests to land-use change. This study examines the effects of land-use changes on forest encroachment in Akure City, Ondo State, Nigeria. A remote sensing and GIS-based approach was employed using satellite imagery obtained from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) for 2000, 2010, and 2020. The images were processed and analyzed using ArcMap 10.5 and Environment for Visualizing Images (ENVI) software to assess changes in land-use and land-cover patterns over the study period. The findings reveal notable changes in Akure City’s land-use structure, with less dense forest accounting for 41%, 66%, and 58% in 2000, 2010, and 2020, respectively, while built-up areas increased from 1.53% in 2000 to 3.28% in 2010 and 5.28% in 2020. The loss of natural vegetation also increased substantially from 4.4 km² in 2000 to 9.34 km² in 2010 and 12.01 km² in 2020. Surface water bodies were nearly absent in 2000 but accounted for 0.93 km² in 2010 and 0.66 km² in 2020. These findings indicate that continued urban expansion and associated land-use changes are likely to accelerate forest encroachment in Akure City. The study contributes to urban environmental management by highlighting the need for government authorities at all levels to implement sustainable forest conservation strategies and integrated city management policies.
Downloads
Citation Metrics & Similar Scopus Articles
-
Muckharom A.A. (2027)Subsurface lithological interpretation of the landslide-prone Cipendawa area, Cianjur (Indonesia), using 2D and 3D inversion of aeromagnetic dataIranian Journal of Geophysics, 20(3), 25-42
-
Siringoringo L.P. (2027)Overcoming geothermal development barriers in Indonesia: A narrative policy review of sedimentary basin-based geothermal developmentUnconventional Resources, 17
-
Mirzahosseini M. (2027)A Review of Constitutive Modeling of Unsaturated SoilsIranian Journal of Geophysics, 20(3), 81-128
Article Details

Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
Alo, A. A., Adetola, A. A., & Agbor, C. F. (2020). Modelling forest cover dynamics in Shasha Forest Reserve, Osun State, Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 16(1), 129–142.
American College of Sports Medicine. (2000). ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription (6th ed.; B. A. Franklin, M. H. Whaley, E. T. Howley, & G. J. Balady, Eds.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Bronsveld, K., Chutirattanapan, S., Pattanakanok, B., Suwanwerakamtorn, R., & Trakooldit, P. (1994). The use of local knowledge in land use/cover mapping from satellite images. ITC Journal, 1994(4), 349–358.
Butt, A., Shabbir, R., Ahmad, S. S., & Aziz, N. (2015). Land use change mapping and analysis using remote sensing and GIS: A case study of Simly Watershed, Islamabad, Pakistan. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 18, 251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.07.003
Chukwuka, A. F., Alo, A. A., & Aigbokhan, O. J. (2020). Geospatial modeling of forest landscape assessment: A case study from Ikere Forest Reserve. Journal of Research in Forestry, Wildlife and Environment, 12(2), 11–21.
Fichera, C. R., Modica, G., & Pollino, M. (2012). Land cover classification and change-detection analysis using multi-temporal remote sensed imagery and landscape metrics. European Journal of Remote Sensing, 45(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.5721/EuJRS20124501
Fischer, G., Frohberg, K., Parry, M. L., & Rosenzweig, C. (1994). Climate change and world food supply, demand and trade: Who benefits, who loses? Global Environmental Change, 4(1), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(94)90018-3
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1976). A framework for land evaluation (FAO Soils Bulletin No. 32). https://www.fao.org/4/x5310e/x5310e00.htm
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1983). Guidelines: Land evaluation for rainfed agriculture (FAO Soils Bulletin No. 52).
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1984). Land evaluation for forestry (FAO Forestry Paper No. 48). https://www.fao.org/4/t0036e/t0036e00.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2005). State of the world’s forests 2005. https://www.fao.org/4/y5574e/y5574e00.pdf
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2007). The state of food and agriculture 2007: Paying farmers for environmental services. https://www.fao.org/4/a1200e/a1200e00.htm
Gbiri, I. A., & Adeoye, N. O. (2019). Analysis of pattern and extent of deforestation in Akure Forest Reserve, Ondo State, Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Geography, 12(1–2), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2478/jengeo-2019-0001
Huizing, M. T., Rosing, H., Koopman, F., Keung, A. C., Pinedo, H. M., & Beijnen, J. H. (1995). High-performance liquid chromatographic procedures for the quantitative determination of paclitaxel (Taxol) in human urine. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Applications, 664(2), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4347(94)00477-M
International Tropical Timber Organization. (2002). ITTO guidelines for the restoration, management and rehabilitation of degraded and secondary tropical forests (ITTO Policy Development Series No. 13). https://www.itto.int/policy_papers/
Lillesand, T. M., Kiefer, R. W., & Chipman, J. W. (2003). Remote sensing and image interpretation (5th ed.). Wiley.
Ojo, O. O., Shittu, A. A., & Adebolu, T. J. (2019). Landuse pattern and landcover of Akure Forest Reserve and its environs. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 9(12), 852–861. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2019/v9i1230166
Olayode, O. O. (2019). Spatio-temporal variations of land-cover types in Osho Forest Reserve, Southwestern Nigeria. American Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 7(5), 168–176. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajaf.20190705.12
Ozesmi, S. L., & Bauer, M. E. (2002). Satellite remote sensing of wetlands. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 10(5), 381–402. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020908432489
Quan, T., Wang, F., Shao, Y., Rittié, L., Xia, W., Orringer, J. S., Voorhees, J. J., & Fisher, G. J. (2013). Enhancing structural support of the dermal microenvironment activates fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes in aged human skin in vivo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 133(3), 658–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2012.364
Rossiter, A. (2001). Innocence lost and suspicion found: Do we educate for or against social work? Critical Social Work, 2(1), 1–5.
Rossiter, D. G. (1996). A theoretical framework for land evaluation. Geoderma, 72(3–4), 165–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(96)00031-6
Rossiter, D. G., & Van Wambeke, A. R. (1997). Automated Land Evaluation System: ALES version 4.65 user’s manual (SCAS Teaching Series No. T93-2, Revision 6). Cornell University.
Shrestha, A. B., Wake, C. P., Mayewski, P. A., & Dibb, J. E. (1999). Maximum temperature trends in the Himalaya and its vicinity: An analysis based on temperature records from Nepal for the period 1971–94. Journal of Climate, 12(9), 2775–2786. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012%3C2775:MTTITH%3E2.0.CO;2
Singh, I. J., Mizanurahman, M., & Kushwaha, S. P. S. (2006). Assessment of effect of settlements on growing stock in Thano Range of Dehradun Forest Division using RS and GIS. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 34(2), 209–217. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02991827
Sowton, M. (1991). Development of GIS-related activities at the Ordnance Survey. In D. J. Maguire, M. F. Goodchild, & D. W. Rhind (Eds.), Geographical information systems: Principles and applications (Vol. 2, pp. 23–38). Longman.
United Nations Environment Programme & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (1994). Report of the UNEP/FAO expert meeting on harmonizing land cover and land use classifications, Geneva, 23–25 November 1993 (GEMS Report Series No. 25).
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2005). National management measures to control nonpoint source pollution from urban areas (EPA-841-B-05-004). https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-09/documents/urban_guidance_0.pdf
Van Diepen, C. A., Van Keulen, H., Wolf, J., & Berkhout, J. A. A. (1991). Land evaluation: From intuition to quantification. In B. A. Stewart (Ed.), Advances in soil science (Vol. 15, pp. 139–204). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3030-4_4
Van Lanen, H. A. J., Hack-ten Broeke, M. J. D., Bouma, J., & De Groot, W. J. M. (1992a). A mixed qualitative/quantitative physical land evaluation methodology. Geoderma, 55(1–2), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7061(92)90004-Q
Van Lanen, H. A. J., Van Diepen, C. A., Reinds, G. J., & De Koning, G. H. J. (1992b). A comparison of qualitative and quantitative physical land evaluations, using an assessment of the potential for sugar-beet growth in the European Community. Soil Use and Management, 8(2), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1992.tb00899.x






















