Anemia Due to Low-Iron Affects Cognitive Capacity of Adolescent Girls Schooling in Secondary Schools in Sokoto, Nigeria
Published
2024-06-14
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10.58578/ajstea.v2i3.3196
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Abstract
Anemia is a problem occurring due to poor iron intake or hereditary sickle cells threating public health in many adolescents and adults. Anemia is able to affect cognitive ability of people especially adolescents (youngsters). This study evaluates the effect of iron-deficiency anemia and sickle cell anemia on cognition of some adolescents schooling girls from Sokoto, Nigeria. The study consisted of recruitment of 80 girls (40 normal, and 40 anemic) subjected to Montreal Cognitive Assessment. 10 girls diagnosed with sickle cell anemia and 25 normal girls were assessed with Montreal cognitive assessment. The mean marks of the respondents were noted; therewith, chi-square test revealed significant difference at (p<0.05). The anemic girls earned less mean marks (400.0 ± 13.0) compared to the normal girls (960.0 ± 25.0). The healthy participants in the study scored higher marks (945.0 ± 10.0) than the sickle cell anemia patients (90.0 ± 3). Therefore, anemia is of the potential to affect cognitive capacity of schooling girls in Sokoto. Nutritional and related interventions are important, because poor cognition may affect education and overall potential of girls to be keys in growth and development of societies.
Keywords:
Cognition; Cognitive Capacity; Iron-Deficiency Anemia; Education; Sickle Cell Anemia
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Miya, Y. Y., Butuwo, T. M., A., A. A., & Ukwak, B. G. (2024). Anemia Due to Low-Iron Affects Cognitive Capacity of Adolescent Girls Schooling in Secondary Schools in Sokoto, Nigeria. Asian Journal of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Art, 2(3), 436-443. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajstea.v2i3.3196
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References
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Abubakar, A., Muhammad, AA., Shagari, U., & Sani, S. (2022). An investigation of the causes of dropout among female student in some selected secondary school in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 4(8), 262-266. tps://doi.org/10.35629/5252-0408262266.
Abubakar, I. & Kwashabawa, B.B. (2021). Securing girl-child education for sustainable national security: Focus on North Western Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 9(5),34-30.
Adewoyin, A.S. (2015). Management of sickle cell diseases; a review for physician education in Nigeria (sub-saharan Africa). Anaemia, 791498, 1-21. Doi;10.1155/2015/791498.
Alhazmi, A., Hakami, K., Abusageah, F., Jaawna, E., Khawaji, M., Alhazmi, E., Zogel, B., Gohal, S., & Qumayri, G. (2022). The impact of sickle cell diseases on academic performance among affected students. Children, 9(15), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.3390/children90100015.
Castro, I.P., & Viana, M.B. (2018). Cognitive profile of children with sickle among children with sickle cell anemia compared to healthy controls. Journal de Pediatria, 9594), 451-457.
Cumurcu, B.E., kardidag, R., Unal., S., Sezer, O.H. Battalogn, B., Medndil, D., But, K., & Etikan, I.(2009). Plasma iron, copper, zinc levels in patients experiencing delirium following coronary artery bypass grafting. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 15(2008), 1-7.
Ehabor, O.O., Isaac, I.Z., Isah. A., & Udomah, F.P. (2013). Iron deficiency anemia among antenatal women in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Household Survey Network,1(4),47-57.
Elrazik, M.A.A., El-Mohsen, A.S.A., & El-Awady, S.M.S.A. (2019). Effect of iron deficiency anemia on scholastic achievement of primary school students. International Journal of Novel research in Healthcare and Nursing, 6(2), 1046-1058.
Erdem, N., Erdem, R., Kurtoglu, E., & Oktay, G. (2021). Screening of cognitive dysfunction using the Montreal cognitive assessment test and evaluation of neurologic complications in Turkish adults with sickle cell anemia. Turkish Journal of Neurology, 27(2), 158-163.
Felek, D. (2023). Evaluation of cognitive functions of patients with anemia. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 45(1), 62-65.http://dx.doi.org?10.7197/cmj.1223208
Fretham, S.J.B., Carlson, E.S., & Georgieff, M.K. (2011). The role of iron in learning and memory. American Society for Nutrition, 2,12-121. Doi:10.3945/an.110.000190.
Gupta, C.P. (2014). Role of iron (Fe) in body. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 7(ii), 38-46.
Gutema, B.T., Sorie, M.B., & Megersa, N.D. (2023). Effects of iron supplement ion on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS ONE,18(6),1-25.
Hamdule, S., Kolbel, M., Stotebury, H., Murdoch, R., Clayden, J.D., Sahota, S., Hood, A.M., Clark, C.A., Kirkham, F. (2023). Effects of regional brain volume on cognition in sickle cell anemia: A developmental perspective. Frontiers in Neurobiology,14(1101223),1-11.
Hamdule. S. & Kirkham, F.J. (2023). Brain volumes and cognition in patients with sickle cell anemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Sciences Journal,3(2),81-90.
Hamza, A., Gumi, A.M., Aliero, A.A., Umar, A., Sarkingobir, Y., & Tambari U. (2023). Potential of Neem Leaves on Preservation of Selected Elemental Compositions in Two Tomato Cultivars from Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2(1),15-20.
Ibrahim, A., Sarkingobir, Y., Sahabi, M., Salihu, I., & Salami, M.O. (2021). Determination of factors that hinders girl-child education in Kware local government, Sokoto state, Nigeria. Discovery, 57(3040, 327-335.
Iqbal, K., Zafar, T., Iqbal, Z., Usman, M., Bibi, H., Afreen, S. & Iqbal, J. (2014). Effect of iron deficiency anemia on intellectual performance of primary school children in Islamabad, Pakistan. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(2), 287-291.
King, L.G., Ali, S.B., Chang, S.M., Reid, M.E. (2023). Academic performance in Jamaican children with sickle cell disease. Journal of National Medical Association,https//doi.org/10.1016/j.juma.2023.07.005.
Koduri, P.R.(2003). Iron in sickle cell diseases: A review why less is better. American Journal of Hematology, 73, 59-63.
Mahendra, R., Chua, J., Feng, L., Kua, E.H., & Preedy, V.R. (2015). The mini mental state examination and other neuropsychological assessment tools for detecting cognitive decline. Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline, 1159-1174. Doi:10.1016/B978-012-407824-6.00109-9.
Matondo, L.O., Kija, E., & Manji, K.P. (2020). Neurocognitive functioning among children with sickle cell anaemia attending SCA clinic at MNH, Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Neurology Research International, 3636547. Doi:10.1155/2022/3636547.
Mogaddam, H.T., Bahreini, A., Abbasi, M.A., Fazli, F., Saeidi, M. (2016). Adolescence health: Problems and attention. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4(2), 1423-38.
Samson, K.L.I, Fischer, J. A.J., & Roche, M.K. (2022). Iron status, anaemia, and interventions with cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review. Nutrients, 14(224), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.2290/hemato3020024.
Sarkingobir, Umar, A. I., Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Abdulrahman Hamza, Umar Tambari, Ibrahim Friday Sule, & Dalhatu Zubairu Magori (2022). Determination of Selected Essential (Copper, Zinc) And Non-Essential (Lead, Chromium, Cadmium) Heavy Metals in Some Single-Use Plastics from Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 12(3), 29-37.
Sarkingobir, Y, A.I. Umar, Syed A. Waheed, Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Rose Livinus, Mustapha Sahabi, & Nura Maiakwai Salah (2023b). Heavy Metals Evaluated in Some Well-Water Obtained from Almajiri Schools in Sokoto East, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Food and Nutrition,4(1), 9-18.
Sarkingobir, Y., Umar, AI., Gidadawa FA., & Miya, Y.Y. (2023a). Assessment of food security, living condition, personal hygiene health determinants and relations among Almajiri students in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Thu Dau Mot Journal of Science, 5(1),63-76. https://doi.org/10.37550/tdmu.EJS/2023.01.372.
Shehu, S., Hassan, A., Marafa, M., & Yusuf, I.S (2023). At risk children in Sokoto state: causes and challenges. Saudi Joural of Humanities and social Sciences, 8(6),146-151.
Siamisang, A.B., Paed, F.A., Gezmu, A.M., Slone. J.S., Gabaaitiri, L., David, T., Paed, C., Phetogo, R., & Joel, I.D., (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia among hospitalized children in a tertiary level hospital in Botswana. Global Pediatric Health, 10,1-6.
Soleimani, N. & abbaszadeh, N. (2011). Relationship between anemia, caused from the iron deficiency, and academic achievement among thirds grade high school female students. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1877-1884.
Tebbi, C.K. (2022). Sickle cell disease, a review. Hemato, 3, 341-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/hemato3020024.
Trivedi, S.S.(2012). Health concerns amongst adolescent girls. JIMSA, 25(20, 67-67.
Umar, A.I., Sarkingobir, Y., Dikko, M., Miya, Y.Y., & Salah, N.M. (2023). Effect of anemia on cognitive capacity of adult students in Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Health Sciences, 16(2), 157-162
Umar, A.I., Sarkingobir, Y., Umar, A.I., Labbo, A.M., Mustapha, M., & Tukur, U. (2022). Iron status of malaria and control subjects attending selected hospitals in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Science, Technology, Education, and Management, 2(3), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenedo.7136259.
Umar, Z.G., Binji, M.B., & Bello, M. (2019). Performance of female students in mathematics education: Issues and prospects. International Journal of Innovative Social and Science Education Research,7(4),78-80.
Yiannikourides, A. & Latunde-Dada, G.O. (2019). A short review of iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron disorders. Medicines, 6(85), 1-15. Doi; 10.3390/medicines6030085.
Abubakar, A., Muhammad, AA., Shagari, U., & Sani, S. (2022). An investigation of the causes of dropout among female student in some selected secondary school in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management, 4(8), 262-266. tps://doi.org/10.35629/5252-0408262266.
Abubakar, I. & Kwashabawa, B.B. (2021). Securing girl-child education for sustainable national security: Focus on North Western Nigeria. British Journal of Education, 9(5),34-30.
Adewoyin, A.S. (2015). Management of sickle cell diseases; a review for physician education in Nigeria (sub-saharan Africa). Anaemia, 791498, 1-21. Doi;10.1155/2015/791498.
Alhazmi, A., Hakami, K., Abusageah, F., Jaawna, E., Khawaji, M., Alhazmi, E., Zogel, B., Gohal, S., & Qumayri, G. (2022). The impact of sickle cell diseases on academic performance among affected students. Children, 9(15), 1-13.https://doi.org/10.3390/children90100015.
Castro, I.P., & Viana, M.B. (2018). Cognitive profile of children with sickle among children with sickle cell anemia compared to healthy controls. Journal de Pediatria, 9594), 451-457.
Cumurcu, B.E., kardidag, R., Unal., S., Sezer, O.H. Battalogn, B., Medndil, D., But, K., & Etikan, I.(2009). Plasma iron, copper, zinc levels in patients experiencing delirium following coronary artery bypass grafting. Neurology, Psychiatry and Brain Research, 15(2008), 1-7.
Ehabor, O.O., Isaac, I.Z., Isah. A., & Udomah, F.P. (2013). Iron deficiency anemia among antenatal women in Sokoto, Nigeria. International Household Survey Network,1(4),47-57.
Elrazik, M.A.A., El-Mohsen, A.S.A., & El-Awady, S.M.S.A. (2019). Effect of iron deficiency anemia on scholastic achievement of primary school students. International Journal of Novel research in Healthcare and Nursing, 6(2), 1046-1058.
Erdem, N., Erdem, R., Kurtoglu, E., & Oktay, G. (2021). Screening of cognitive dysfunction using the Montreal cognitive assessment test and evaluation of neurologic complications in Turkish adults with sickle cell anemia. Turkish Journal of Neurology, 27(2), 158-163.
Felek, D. (2023). Evaluation of cognitive functions of patients with anemia. Cumhuriyet Medical Journal, 45(1), 62-65.http://dx.doi.org?10.7197/cmj.1223208
Fretham, S.J.B., Carlson, E.S., & Georgieff, M.K. (2011). The role of iron in learning and memory. American Society for Nutrition, 2,12-121. Doi:10.3945/an.110.000190.
Gupta, C.P. (2014). Role of iron (Fe) in body. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry, 7(ii), 38-46.
Gutema, B.T., Sorie, M.B., & Megersa, N.D. (2023). Effects of iron supplement ion on cognitive development in school-age children: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS ONE,18(6),1-25.
Hamdule, S., Kolbel, M., Stotebury, H., Murdoch, R., Clayden, J.D., Sahota, S., Hood, A.M., Clark, C.A., Kirkham, F. (2023). Effects of regional brain volume on cognition in sickle cell anemia: A developmental perspective. Frontiers in Neurobiology,14(1101223),1-11.
Hamdule. S. & Kirkham, F.J. (2023). Brain volumes and cognition in patients with sickle cell anemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pediatric Sciences Journal,3(2),81-90.
Hamza, A., Gumi, A.M., Aliero, A.A., Umar, A., Sarkingobir, Y., & Tambari U. (2023). Potential of Neem Leaves on Preservation of Selected Elemental Compositions in Two Tomato Cultivars from Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, 2(1),15-20.
Ibrahim, A., Sarkingobir, Y., Sahabi, M., Salihu, I., & Salami, M.O. (2021). Determination of factors that hinders girl-child education in Kware local government, Sokoto state, Nigeria. Discovery, 57(3040, 327-335.
Iqbal, K., Zafar, T., Iqbal, Z., Usman, M., Bibi, H., Afreen, S. & Iqbal, J. (2014). Effect of iron deficiency anemia on intellectual performance of primary school children in Islamabad, Pakistan. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 14(2), 287-291.
King, L.G., Ali, S.B., Chang, S.M., Reid, M.E. (2023). Academic performance in Jamaican children with sickle cell disease. Journal of National Medical Association,https//doi.org/10.1016/j.juma.2023.07.005.
Koduri, P.R.(2003). Iron in sickle cell diseases: A review why less is better. American Journal of Hematology, 73, 59-63.
Mahendra, R., Chua, J., Feng, L., Kua, E.H., & Preedy, V.R. (2015). The mini mental state examination and other neuropsychological assessment tools for detecting cognitive decline. Diet and Nutrition in Dementia and Cognitive Decline, 1159-1174. Doi:10.1016/B978-012-407824-6.00109-9.
Matondo, L.O., Kija, E., & Manji, K.P. (2020). Neurocognitive functioning among children with sickle cell anaemia attending SCA clinic at MNH, Dar es Salam, Tanzania. Neurology Research International, 3636547. Doi:10.1155/2022/3636547.
Mogaddam, H.T., Bahreini, A., Abbasi, M.A., Fazli, F., Saeidi, M. (2016). Adolescence health: Problems and attention. International Journal of Pediatrics, 4(2), 1423-38.
Samson, K.L.I, Fischer, J. A.J., & Roche, M.K. (2022). Iron status, anaemia, and interventions with cognitive and academic performance in adolescents: A systematic review. Nutrients, 14(224), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.2290/hemato3020024.
Sarkingobir, Umar, A. I., Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Abdulrahman Hamza, Umar Tambari, Ibrahim Friday Sule, & Dalhatu Zubairu Magori (2022). Determination of Selected Essential (Copper, Zinc) And Non-Essential (Lead, Chromium, Cadmium) Heavy Metals in Some Single-Use Plastics from Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. Journal of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, 12(3), 29-37.
Sarkingobir, Y, A.I. Umar, Syed A. Waheed, Yusuf Yahaya Miya, Rose Livinus, Mustapha Sahabi, & Nura Maiakwai Salah (2023b). Heavy Metals Evaluated in Some Well-Water Obtained from Almajiri Schools in Sokoto East, Nigeria. Journal of Applied Food and Nutrition,4(1), 9-18.
Sarkingobir, Y., Umar, AI., Gidadawa FA., & Miya, Y.Y. (2023a). Assessment of food security, living condition, personal hygiene health determinants and relations among Almajiri students in Sokoto metropolis, Nigeria. Thu Dau Mot Journal of Science, 5(1),63-76. https://doi.org/10.37550/tdmu.EJS/2023.01.372.
Shehu, S., Hassan, A., Marafa, M., & Yusuf, I.S (2023). At risk children in Sokoto state: causes and challenges. Saudi Joural of Humanities and social Sciences, 8(6),146-151.
Siamisang, A.B., Paed, F.A., Gezmu, A.M., Slone. J.S., Gabaaitiri, L., David, T., Paed, C., Phetogo, R., & Joel, I.D., (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors of anemia among hospitalized children in a tertiary level hospital in Botswana. Global Pediatric Health, 10,1-6.
Soleimani, N. & abbaszadeh, N. (2011). Relationship between anemia, caused from the iron deficiency, and academic achievement among thirds grade high school female students. Procedia- Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 1877-1884.
Tebbi, C.K. (2022). Sickle cell disease, a review. Hemato, 3, 341-366. https://doi.org/10.3390/hemato3020024.
Trivedi, S.S.(2012). Health concerns amongst adolescent girls. JIMSA, 25(20, 67-67.
Umar, A.I., Sarkingobir, Y., Dikko, M., Miya, Y.Y., & Salah, N.M. (2023). Effect of anemia on cognitive capacity of adult students in Sokoto, Nigeria. Journal of Health Sciences, 16(2), 157-162
Umar, A.I., Sarkingobir, Y., Umar, A.I., Labbo, A.M., Mustapha, M., & Tukur, U. (2022). Iron status of malaria and control subjects attending selected hospitals in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. International Research Journal of Science, Technology, Education, and Management, 2(3), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenedo.7136259.
Umar, Z.G., Binji, M.B., & Bello, M. (2019). Performance of female students in mathematics education: Issues and prospects. International Journal of Innovative Social and Science Education Research,7(4),78-80.
Yiannikourides, A. & Latunde-Dada, G.O. (2019). A short review of iron metabolism and pathophysiology of iron disorders. Medicines, 6(85), 1-15. Doi; 10.3390/medicines6030085.
