Health Risk Analysis and Heavy Metals Speciation of Arable Farmlands In some selected Areas of Northern Taraba State Nigeria
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Abstract
Background and Objective: Soil plays a major role in food safety and security. A major problem in most developing nations is a lack of food security and safety. The soil environment is a reservoir of nutrients as well as pollutants. This study eval_uated the health risk and heavy metals speciation of arable farmlands in Ardo-Kola, Zing and Yorro, Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Methodology: Three different soil samples from three Local Government Areas of Taraba State (Ardo-Kola, Zing and Yorro) were collected using sterile glass sample collection bottles measured at 5 cm depth. The collected soil samples were freed from unwanted materials by hand picking and air-dried for 5 days to remove excess moisture. The dried soil samples were crushed in with mortar and a pestle, the crushed soil sample was sieved through a 2 mm sieve made of stainless steel the sieved soil sample was further pulverized to a fine powder and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As) concentrations were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results showed that Chromium had a high concentration with values ranging from 1.83 mg/kg to 2.62 mg/kg. While Lead and Mercury had the lowest concentration of less than 0.03 mg/kg across the studied areas. For ecological risk assessment parameters; target cancer risk, hazard index (HI) estimated daily intake (EDI) were all determined to assess the non-carcinogenic health risk. Ardo-Kola recorded the highest levels of HM, followed by Yorro, whereas Zing had the lowest concentration. Consumption of crops harvested from the sampled location may pose a serious health challenge; bio-accumulation of toxicants in the soil across the studied areas may pose a health risk due to high concentration of heavy metals which are known to generate free radicals that may lead to oxidative stress and other cellular damages in humans. Conclusion: Although most of the studied heavy metals were significantly present in all the analyzed soil except lead and mercury, their concentration in various soil samples across the studied areas exceeded the permissible levels as recommended by WHO except for Lead and mercury.
Keywords:
Risk Assessment; Cancer Estimation; Heavy Metals; Toxicity; Bioaccumulation; Carcinogenesis
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Habibu, B., Olawale, O., Ejeh, Y. O., Umaru, I. J., Oko, J. O., Yusufu, D., & Dauda, M.- anguwa A. (2024). Health Risk Analysis and Heavy Metals Speciation of Arable Farmlands In some selected Areas of Northern Taraba State Nigeria. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 104-123. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3563
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2. Habibu, B., O. Olawale., Y.O. Ejeh., M.A. Abah and O.T. Idris, 2024. Heavy metals speciation and health risk analysis of arable farmlands in Ardo-kola, Bali and Wukari local government areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Asian J. Bio. Sci. 17 (4): 587-598.https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.587.598
3. Abah, M., O. Olawale, E.C. Okoli, O.P. Emmanuel, D.C. Bando and Z.H. Shenia, 2021. Determination of selected pesticide residues in leafy vegetables (Amaranthus Spinosus) consumed in Donga, Taraba State. Int. J. Biochem. Bioinf. Biotechnol. Stud., 6: 9-16.
4. Okoli, E.C., O. Olawale, M. Abah, O.P. Emmanuel, D.C. Bando and Z.H. Shenia, 2021. Ecological risk assessment of pesticide residues in fish samples from River Donga in Donga, Taraba State, Nigeria. Int. J. Biochem. Bioinf. Biotechnol. Stud., 6: 1-8.
5. Amachundi, Z.P., M.A. Abah, E.R. Yohanna, E.C. Okoli, A.S. Saaku and B. Habibu, 2022. Investigation of trace metal contamination in bread baked and sold in Wukari. Global Sci. J., 10: 2076-2082.
6. Tatah, V.S., O. Otitoju, C.S. Ezeonu, I.N.E. Onwurah and K.L.C. Ibrahim, 2017. Characterization and adsorption isotherm studies of Cd (II) and Pb (II) ions bioremediation from aqueous solution using unmodified sorghum husk. J. Applied Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2: 113-120.
7. Habibu, B., O.O. Francis, Y.O. Ejeh and M.A. Abah, 2022. Heavy metals and health risk analysis of arable farmlands in selected local government areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Toxicol. Adv., Vol. 5. 10.53388/202305015.
8. AdeKola, O., S. Whanda and F. Ogwu, 2012. Assessment of policies and legislation that affect management of wetlands in Nigeria. Wetlands, 32: 665-677.
9. Okoli, E.C., M.A. Abah, O. Olawale, E.R. Yohanna and Z.S. Hananiah, 2022. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in fish samples from Donga River, Taraba State, Nigeria. Asian J. Appl. Sci., 15: 2428.
10. Otitoju, O. and G.T.O. Otitoju, 2013. Heavy metal concentrations in water, sediment and periwinkle (Tympanotonus fuscastus) samples harvested from the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria. Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 7: 245-248.
11. Olawale, O.F., M.A. Abah, O.P. Emmanuel, G.T. Otitoju and A.L. Abershiet al., 2023. Risk assessment of heavy metal content in yam tubers locally produced in selected local government areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Asian J. Nat. Prod. Biochem., 21: 6-12.
12. Titilola, S.T. and L.K. Jeje, 2008. Environmental degradation and its implications for agricultural and rural development: The issue of land erosion. J. Sustainable Dev. Africa, 10: 116-146.
13. Rashed, M.N., 2010. Monitoring of contaminated toxic and heavy metals, from mine tailings through age accumulation, in soil and some wild plants at Southeast Egypt. J. Hazard. Mater. 178: 739-746.
14. Ezeonu, C.S., S.V. Tatah, C. Imo, O.E. Yakubu and Q.H. Garba et al., 2022. Antioxidant potential of ginger extract on metals (lead, cadmium, and boron) induced oxidative stress in maize plant. Asian J. Trop. Biotechnol., 19: 45-51.
15. Olawale, O., M.A. Abah, O.T. Grace, B. Habibu, E.C. Okoli and P.U. Omajali, 2022. Risk assessment of pesticide residues in water samples from River Gongola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. World J. Adv. Res. Rev., 13: 424-432.
16. Gatti, A.M., D. Tossini, A. Gambarelli, S. Montanari and F. Capitani, 2008. Investigation of the presence of inorganic micro-and nanosized contaminants in bread and biscuits by environmental scanning electron microscopy. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr., 49: 275-282.
17. Olajire, A.A., E.T. Ayodele, G.O. Oyediran and E.A. Oluyemi, 2003. Levels and speciation of heavy metals in soils of industrial Southern Nigeria. Envir. Monit. Assess., 85: 135-155.
18. Olajire, A.A. and E.T. Ayodele, 1997. Contamination of roadside soil and grass with heavy metals. Environ. Int., 23: 91-101.
19. Zouboulis, A.I., M.X. Loukidou and K.A. Matis, 2004. Biosorption of toxic metals from aqueous solutions by bacteria strains isolated from metal-polluted soils. Process Biochem., 39: 909-916.
20. Ahmad, I., M.J. Akhtar, Z.A. Zahir and A. Jamil, 2012. Effect of cadmium on seed germination and seedling growth of four wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) cultivars. Pak. J. Bot., 44: 1569-1574.
21. Al-Saleh, I., M. Nester, E. Devol, N. Shinwari and S. Al-Shahria, 1999. Determinants of blood lead levels in Saudi Arabian schoolgirls. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 5: 107-114.
22. Huang, S.S., Q.L. Liao, M. Hua, X.M. Wu and K.S. Biet al., 2007. Survey of heavy metal pollution and assessment of agricultural soil in Yangzhong District, Jiangsu Province, China. Chemosphere, 67: 2148-2155.
23. Liu, Y., H. Wang, X. Li and J. Li, 2015. Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils in Taiyuan, China. Pedosphere, 25: 901-909.
24. Obasi, N.A., S.E. Obasi, S.O. Elom, K.M. Kalu and C. Alokeet al., 2017. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in ameri lead-zinc mining community via consumption of cassava (Manihot esculentaCruz) In Ikwo L.G.A., Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Am. Eur. J. Sustainable Agric., 11: 22-30.
25. Liang, Y., X. Yi, Z. Dang, Q. Wang, H. Luo and J. Tang, 2017. Heavy Metal contamination and health risk assessment in the vicinity of a tailing pond in guangdong, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, Vol. 14. 10.3390/ijerph14121557.
26. Ogunbanjo, O., O. Onawumi, M. Gbadamosi, A. Ogunlana and O. Anselm, 2016. Chemical speciation of some heavy metals and human health risk assessment in soil around two municipal dumpsites in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria. Chem. Speciation Bioavailability, 28: 142-151.
27. Afolabi, A., F.A. Francis and F. Adejompo, 2012. Assessment of health and environmental challenges of cement factory on ewekoro community residents, Ogun State, Nigeria. Am. J. Hum. Ecol., 1: 51 57.
28. Valko, M., C.J. Rhodes, J. Moncol, M. Izakovic and M. Mazur, 2006. Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Chem. Biol. Interact., 160: 1-40.
29. Ramírez, R., 2013. The gastropodOsilinus atrataas a bioindicator of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn contamination in the coastal waters of the Canary Islands. Chem. Ecol., 29: 208-220.
30. Wongsasuluk, P., S. Chotpantarat, W. Siriwong and M. Robson, 2014. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water from shallow groundwater wells in an agricultural area in Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand. Environ. Geochem. Health, 36: 169-182.
31. Li, X., Y. Gan, X. Yang, J. Zhou, J. Dai and M. Xu, 2008. Human health risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in edible fish from Huairou Reservoir and Gaobeidian Lake in Beijing, China. Food Chem., 109: 348-354.
32. Balali-Mood, M., K. Naseri, Z. Tahergorabi, M.R. Khazdair and M. Sadeghi, 2021. Toxic mechanisms of five heavy metals: Mercury, lead, chromium, cadmium, and arsenic. Front. Pharmacol., Vol. 12. 10.3389/fphar.2021.643972.
33. Jan, A.T., M. Azam, K. Siddiqui, A. Ali, I. Choi and Q.M. Rizwanul Haq, 2015. Heavy metals and human health: Mechanistic insight into toxicity and counter defense system of antioxidants. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16: 29592-29630.
34. Cao, S., X. Duan, X. Zhao, B. Wang and J. Maet al., 2015. Health risk assessment of various metal(loid)s via multiple exposure pathways on children living near a typical lead-acid battery plant, China. Environ. Pollut., 200: 16-23.
35. Irwandi, J. and O. Farida, 2009. Mineral and heavy metal contents of marine fin fish in Langkawi Island, Malaysia. Int. Food Res. J., 16: 105-112.
36. Kabata-Pendias, A. and A.B. Mukherjee, 2007. Trace Elements from Soil to Human. 1st Edn., Springer, Berlin, Germany, ISBN: 978-3-540-32713-4, Pages: 550.
37. WHO, 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, ISBN: 9789241561730, Pages: 343.
38. Tatah, V.S., K.L.C. Ibrahim, C.S. Ezeonu and O. Otitoju, 2017. Biosorption kinetics of heavy metals from fertilizer industrial waste water using groundnut husk powder as an adsorbent. J. Appl. Biotechnol. Bioeng., 2: 221-228.
39. Al-Khashman, O.A. and R.A. Shawabkeh, 2006. Metals distribution in soils around the cement factory in Southern Jordan. Environ. Pollut., 140: 387-394.
40. Pieczenik, S.R. and J. Neustadt, 2007. Mitochondrial dysfunction and molecular pathways of disease. Exp. Mol. Pathol., 83: 84-92
41. Boonyapookana, B., E.S. Upatham, M. Kruatrachue, P. Pokethitiyook and S. Singhakaew, 2002. Phytoaccumulation and phytotoxicity of cadmium and chromium in duckweedWolffia globosa. Int. J. Phytorem., 4: 87-100.
42. Shanker, A.K., V. Ravichandran and G. Pathmanabhan, 2005. Phytoaccumulation of chromium by some multipurpose-tree seedlings. Agroforest. Syst., 64: 83-87.
43. Aman, T., A.A. Kazi, M.U. Sabri and Q. Bano, 2008. Potato peels as solid waste for the removal of heavy metal copper(II) from waste water/industrial effluent. Colloids. Surf. B. Biointerfaces, 63: 116-121.
44. 44. Ansari, M.I. and Abdul Malik, 2007. Biosorption of nickel and cadmium by metal resistant bacterial isolates from agricultural soil irrigated with industrial wastewater. Bioresour. Technol., 98: 3149-3153.
45. 45. Jaishankar, M., T. Tseten, N. Anbalagan, B.B. Mathew and K.N. Beeregowda, 2014. Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdiscip. Toxicol., 7: 60-72.
46. Zahir, F., S.J. Rizwi, S.K. Haq and R.H. Khan, 2005. Low dose mercury toxicity and human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 20: 351-360.
47. Das, S., H.R. Dash and J. Chakraborty, 2016. Genetic basis and importance of metal resistant genes in bacteria for bioremediation of contaminated environments with toxic metal pollutants. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 100: 2967-2984.
48. Jiang, W., D. Liu and W. Hou, 2001. Hyperaccumulation of cadmium by roots, bulbs and shoots of garlic (Allium sativumL.). Bioresour. Technol., 76: 9-13.
49. Wang, M., J. Zou, X. Duan, W. Jiang and D. Liu, 2007. Cadmium accumulation and its effects on metal uptake in maize (Zea maysL.). Bioresour. Technol., 98: 82-88.
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