NMR Study of Photo-Oxidation of Styrene
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10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3391
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Abstract
In this study, CeO2 and several Co metal ions doped CeO2 were synthesized through hydrothermal method and tested for photocatalyzed oxidation of styrene. The characterization data obtained on XRD, EDX and SEM showed the formation process of the synthesized nanoparticles of various sizes as well as the structure of the crystals. Catalyst immobilization technique was utilized to perform a “pseudo” in-situ photo-oxidation of styrene using NMR spectroscopy. Using molecular oxygen as the oxidant, 0.3 mol % Co-doped CeO2 showed the highest conversion of 45 % while the selectivities for styrene oxide and benzaldehyde were 38 % and 51 % respectively. As revealed by the kinetic study in this work, the photo-oxidation reaction proceeded according to Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The synthesized catalyst showed high stability and reusability over several photo-oxidation cycles. CeO2 is indeed a promising catalyst ideal for photo-oxidation reactions to produce styrene oxide.
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Kamba, E. A., & Daniel, E. B. A. (2024). NMR Study of Photo-Oxidation of Styrene. African Multidisciplinary Journal of Sciences and Artificial Intelligence, 1(1), 134-153. https://doi.org/10.58578/amjsai.v1i1.3391
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References
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[4] Y. Shao and Y. Ma, Mesoporous CeO2 nanowires as recycled photocatalysts, Sci. China Chem., 2012, 55, 1303–1307.
[5] H. De Lasa, B. Serrano and M. Salaices, Photocatalytic reaction engineering, 2005.
[6] M. Obst and B. König, Solvent-free, visible-light photocatalytic alcohol oxidations applying an organic photocatalyst, Beilstein J. Org. Chem., 2016, 12, 2358–2363.
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[8] X. Li, Y. Li, Y. Huang, T. Zhang, Y. Liu, B. Yang, C. He, X. Zhou and J. Zhang, Organic sponge photocatalysis, Green Chem., 2017, 19, 2925–2930.
[9] Y. Kanda, A. Seino, T. Kobayashi, Y. Uemichi and M. Sugioka, Catalytic Performance of Noble Metals Supported on Mesoporous Silica MCM-41 for Hydrodesulfurization of Benzothiophene, J. Japan Pet. Inst., 2009, 52, 42–50.
[10] R. K. Liew, M. Y. Chong, O. U. Osazuwa, W. L. Nam, X. Y. Phang, M. H. Su, C. K. Cheng, C. T. Chong and S. S. Lam, Production of activated carbon as catalyst support by microwave pyrolysis of palm kernel shell: a comparative study of chemical versus physical activation, Res. Chem. Intermed., 2018, 44, 3849–3865.
[11] M. A. Henderson, Effect of coadsorbed water on the photodecomposition of acetone on TiO2 (110), J. Catal., 2008, 256, 287–292.
[12] L. Liu, H. Zhao, J. M. Andino and Y. Li, Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction with H2O on TiO2 Nanocrystals: Comparison of Anatase, Rutile, and Brookite Polymorphs and Exploration of Surface Chemistry, ACS Catal., 2012, 2, 1817–1828.
[13] T. Li, W. Zeng, H. Long and Z. Wang, Nanosheet-assembled hierarchical SnO2 nanostructures for efficient gas-sensing applications, Sensors Actuators, B Chem., 2016, 231, 120–128.
[14] J. He, Q. Zhai, Q. Zhang, W. Deng and Y. Wang, Active site and reaction mechanism for the epoxidation of propylene by oxygen over CuOx/SiO2 catalysts with and without Cs+ modification, J. Catal., 2013, 299, 53–66.
[15] M. El-Maazawi, A. N. Finken, A. B. Nair and V. H. Grassian, Adsorption and Photocatalytic Oxidation of Acetone on TiO2: An in Situ Transmission FT-IR Study, J. Catal., 2000, 191, 138–146.
[16] H. Song, Y. Li, Z. Lou, M. Xiao, L. Hu, Z. Ye and L. Zhu, Synthesis of Fe-doped WO3 nanostructures with high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 2015, 166–167, 112–120.
[17] C. Raillard, V. Héquet, P. Le Cloirec and J. Legrand, Kinetic study of ketones photocatalytic oxidation in gas phase using TiO2-containing paper: effect of water vapor, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem., 2004, 163, 425–431.
[18] N. L. Nagda and H. E. Rector, A critical review of reported air concentrations of organic compounds in aircraft cabins, Indoor Air, 2003, 13, 292–301.
[19] A. Fujishima, T. N. Rao and D. A. Tryk, Titanium dioxide photocatalysis, J. Photochem. Photobiol. C Photochem. Rev., 2000, 1, 1–21.
[20] J. J. Testa, M. A. Grela and M. I. Litter, Experimental evidence in favor of an initial one-electron-transfer process in the heterogeneous photocatalytic reduction of chromium(VI) over TiO2, Langmuir, 2002, 17, 3515–3517.
[21] R. Mu, Z. Xu, L. Li, Y. Shao, H. Wan and S. Zheng, On the photocatalytic properties of elongated TiO2 nanoparticles for phenol degradation and Cr(VI) reduction, J. Hazard. Mater., 2010, 176, 495–502.
[22] T. T. Y. Tan, C. K. Yip, D. Beydoun and R. Amal, Effects of nano-Ag particles loading on TiO2 photocatalytic reduction of selenate ions, Chem. Eng. J., 2003, 95, 179–186.
[23] S. Wang, Z. Ding and X. Wang, A stable ZnCo2O4 cocatalyst for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51, 1517–1519.
[24] T. Inoue, A. Fujishima, S. Konishi and K. Honda, Photoelectrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders, Nature, 1979, 277, 637–638.
[25] D. Li, X. Fang, H. Liu, H. Lu and Z. Zhang, in AIP Conference Proceedings, AIP Publishing LLC , 2018, vol. 1971, p. 020006.
[26] A. Kumar, A Review on the Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous Materials, Mater. Sci. Eng. Int. J., , DOI:10.15406/mseij.2017.01.00018.
[27] H. Ghafarian-Zahmatkesh, M. Javanbakht and M. Ghaemi, Ethylene glycol-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of bow-tie-like lithium iron phosphate nanocrystals for lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 2015, 284, 339–348.
[28] T.-D. Nguyen-Phan and E. W. Shin, Morphological effect of TiO2 catalysts on photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 2011, 17, 397–400.
[29] L. Lopez, W. A. Daoud, D. Dutta, B. C. Panther and T. W. Turney, Effect of substrate on surface morphology and photocatalysis of large-scale TiO2 films, Appl. Surf. Sci., 2013, 265, 162–168.
[30] C. Adán, J. Marugán, E. Sánchez, C. Pablos and R. van Grieken, Understanding the effect of morphology on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanotube array electrodes, Electrochim. Acta, 2016, 191, 521–529.
[31] S. A. Hameed, Photo-Degradation of Vat Dye by Bimetallic Photo-Catalysts (Cu-Ni/ TiO2 and Cu-Ni/ Zno) Under UV and Visible Light Sources, IOSR J. Environ. Sci., 2016, 10, 1–05.
[32] Y. Suyama, M. Otsuki, S. Ogisu, R. Kishikawa, J. Tagami, M. Ikeda, H. Kurata and T. Cho, Effects of light sources and visible light-activated titanium dioxide photocatalyst on bleaching., Dent. Mater. J., 2009, 28, 693–9.
