The Devastating Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Plant Growth and Development: Unveiling Phytotoxicity and Exploring Remediation Strategies
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Abstract
Heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to plant growth and development, leading to reduced crop yields, impaired ecosystem functioning, and potential human health risks. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the phytotoxic effects of heavy metals on plant species, highlighting the mechanisms of uptake, transport, and accumulation. We explore the devastating impacts on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry, including altered root architecture, reduced photosynthesis, and impaired reproductive development. This review highlights the urgent need for effective remediation approaches to mitigate the phytotoxic effects of heavy metals and ensure sustainable ecosystem functioning. We identify knowledge gaps and future research directions, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to address this critical environmental issue.
Keywords:
Heavy Metal; Phytotoxicity; Phytoextraction; Phytostabilization
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Ataitiya, H., Ahmad, K. B., Kaugama, A. A., Idris, S. A., Adam, A. B., Abubakar, M. Y., & Mathew, T. S. (2024). The Devastating Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Plant Growth and Development: Unveiling Phytotoxicity and Exploring Remediation Strategies. African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine, 1(1), 184-206. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajstm.v1i1.3495
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References
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Adam, A. B., Muhammad, J. A., &Kaugama, A. A. (2023): Impact of Heavy Metals Content Found In Irrigated Red Pepper In Challawa Industrial Area. Science and Art Research p.445-448.
Alamri S.M. (2018) Functional activity of some growth regulators on yield components and endogenous hormones of Cowpea plants roots. Journal of Agricultural sciences 9 (10)): 1229 -1239.
Alcantara E., Romera J., and Canete M. (1994), Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of roots. Journal of experimentalBotany 45 (12): 1893-1898.
Angina E.E ,John F.F and Jerome G (1990); The circle of Arsenic in natural water . Journal of water research (6):11.
Angino EE, Magnuson LM, Waugh TC, Galle OK, Bredfeldt J (1970) Arsenic in detergentspossible danger and pollution hazard. Science 168:389–392.
Anjum, N. A., et al. (2015). Antioxidant defense system in plants under heavy metal stress. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34, 53-64.
Ashaf S., Obaid R., Shumaila M., Jens L., Ali A.Z. and Fatimal R. (2017), evolution of deeper rooting like homoeologs in Jwheat entails the c-terminus mutations. As well as gain and loss of auxin response elements.Journal.Pone. 14, 4.
AuduA.A., and Lawal A.O (2006). Variation in metal contents of plants in vegetable Garden sites in Kano Metropolis. Journal of science and environmental management 10: (2) . Journal of applied sciences.
Azubuike C.C., Chikere C.B., and Okpokwasili G.C., (2016) .Bioremediation techniques classification base on site of application, principles, advantages limitations and prospects. World journal of microbial biotechnology 32:11.
Baker A. J. M. and Brooks R. R., (1989): Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulatemetalic elements. A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry.Biorecovery 1; 81-126 accumulation by Indian mustard.Journal of Plant Physiology 117; 447- 491.
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Bhattacharyya C. and Sen S. (2003), Toxicity of fresh water organisms from oils and oil spill chemical treatments in laboratory microcosm. Journal of environmental pollution (122): 205-215.
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Deepika Goyal, Arti Yadav, Mrinalini Prasad, Teg Bahadur Singh, Preksha Shrivastav, Akbar Ali, Prem Kumar Dantu, and Sushma Mishra (2020). Effect of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth: An Overview https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41552-5_4.
Deng D.G., Ping X., Qiong z., Hua Y., and Long-Gen G.(2007). Studies on temporal and special variations of phytoplankton in lakeChaohu. Journal of integrative plant biology 49(4) 409-418.
Elbagermi, M. A., Edwards, H. G. M., &Alajtal, A. I. (2012). Monitoring of heavy metal content in fruits and vegetables collected from production and market sites in the Misurata area of Libya. International Scholarly Research Notices, (1), 827645.
Epstein, E., et al. (2016). Nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Oxford University Press.
Eshleman A, Siegel SM, Siegel BZ (1971) Is mercury from Hawaiian volcanoes a natural source of pollution? Nature 223:471–475.
Gall E.J ,Rajakaruna N. and Roberts B. (2015): Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs. A review of environmental monitoring assessment 187 (4) ;201
Gall JE, Boyd RS, Rajakaruna N (2015) Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environ Monit Assess 187(4):201.
Ghosh& Singh (2015) A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by products, applied ecology and environmental research 3(1): 1-18.
Gibson, D. J., et al. (2011). Plant community ecology. Oxford University Press.
Guan Q, Wang F, Xu C, Pan N, Lin J, Zhao R, Luo H (2018) Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: a case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Chemosphere 193:189–197.
Guo J., Wu Y., and Wang G. (2017), Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of mutant yellow leaves provides insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo bibola. Researcharticle BMC Genomics 21,858.
Herawati N, Suzuki S, Hayashi K, Rivai IF, Koyoma H (2000) Cadmium, copper and zinc levels in rice and soil of Japan, Indonesia and China by soil type. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:33–39.
Jiang C., Dongyi H., Min G., John Y., Wenqiang W., Jing Z., Jingjing W., Yong L., Changsheng J. and peng Y (2017). Effects of soil amendments applied on Cadmium availability, soil enzymes activity and plant uptake in contaminated soil. 654: 1364-1371.
John O.J and Kakulu S.E.(2012) Industrial impact on selected heavy metals in soilS. Journal of environmental toxicology study.
Khan A.G (2000), Assessment of heavy metals cations in sediments of ShingMun River, Hong Kong. Journal of environmental Geochemistry in the Tropics and Subtropics26 :417-423.
Kirk G.J (1999) A model of Phosphate solubilization by organic anion excretion from plants roots.European Journal of soil science 50 (3): 369 .
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Kramer, P. J., et al. (2019). Plant physiology. Wiley.
Kramer, U., et al. (2019). Mechanisms of heavy metal uptake and transport in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(1), 21-33.
Li X., Li Y., Mai J., Ta O.L., Qu M., Liu J., Shen R., Xu G., Feng Y., Xiao H., Wu L., Shi L., Guo S (2021). Heavy metal toxicity by promoting root alkalization in transition zone via polar auxin transport . Journal of plant physiology 177:1254-1266.
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Luo, Y.; Zhao, X.; Xu, T.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Johnson, D.; Huang, Y. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the lotus root of rural ponds in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. J. Soils Sediments 2017, 17, 2557–2565.
Lux, A., et al. (2011). Xylem transport of heavy metals in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10), 3311-3324.
Mani D.S. and Kumar C. (2014) Biotechnology advances in bioremediation of heavy metala contaminated ecosystems. International journal of environmental science technology 11:843-872.
Mehta A.R., Anderson S.P. (2020), Natural variation in adventitious roots formation.Journal of science and genetics 1360-1385.
Mirshekali H., Hadi H., Amirnia R, and Khodaverdilooh H. (2012). Effects of Zinc on phytoremediation potential of plants, Turkish Journal of Botany 45:6
Misra and Mani (1995); Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil and water .Journal of environmental protection 8:12
Misra SG, Mani D (1991) Soil pollution. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi
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Omono A.M. and Kakulu S.E. (2012) Occurrence, toxicity and remediation of Soil by plants, journal of environmental chemistry 20 (3):177-180.
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Phaniendra A., Denish B.J. and Latha .P; (2015): Free Radicals propreties, sources, targets and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of clinical biochemistry 30 (1) :11-26.
Rulkens, W.H., Tichy, R., Grotenhuis, J.T.C., (1998): Remediation of polluted soil and sediment: perspectives and failures.Journal of Water Science Technology. 37; 27-35.
Safari F. and Dincer I. (2019), Development and analysis of a novel biomass –based integrated system for multigeneration with hydrogen production 44(7):3511-3526.
Shen H., Naveedullah , Muhammad Z., Chunna Y. and Dechao D. (2014). Concentration and human health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in surface of SilingReservior watershed in Zhediang province China. Pollitical Journal of Environmental studies 23 (3) : 801-811.
Shittu, A. M., Yazid, S., Ado, K. A., Bilyamin, A. A., & Jabir, A. A. (2022). Anti-Nutritional Status, Hazard indices,(Transfer Factor, TF and Hazard Quotients, HQ) in Carrot, Cabbage, lettuce, Spinach and Spring Onion Obtained from Faringada Vegetable farm Jos North Local Government, Plateau State. Nigeria. Tropical journal of engineering, science and technologY, 2(2), 107-116.
Sidhu S.G., and Bali S.A., (2017), Arsenic toxicity and tolerance in plants-from physiology to remediation.Journal of Chemosphere.
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Alamri S.M. (2018) Functional activity of some growth regulators on yield components and endogenous hormones of Cowpea plants roots. Journal of Agricultural sciences 9 (10)): 1229 -1239.
Alcantara E., Romera J., and Canete M. (1994), Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of roots. Journal of experimentalBotany 45 (12): 1893-1898.
Angina E.E ,John F.F and Jerome G (1990); The circle of Arsenic in natural water . Journal of water research (6):11.
Angino EE, Magnuson LM, Waugh TC, Galle OK, Bredfeldt J (1970) Arsenic in detergentspossible danger and pollution hazard. Science 168:389–392.
Anjum, N. A., et al. (2015). Antioxidant defense system in plants under heavy metal stress. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 34, 53-64.
Ashaf S., Obaid R., Shumaila M., Jens L., Ali A.Z. and Fatimal R. (2017), evolution of deeper rooting like homoeologs in Jwheat entails the c-terminus mutations. As well as gain and loss of auxin response elements.Journal.Pone. 14, 4.
AuduA.A., and Lawal A.O (2006). Variation in metal contents of plants in vegetable Garden sites in Kano Metropolis. Journal of science and environmental management 10: (2) . Journal of applied sciences.
Azubuike C.C., Chikere C.B., and Okpokwasili G.C., (2016) .Bioremediation techniques classification base on site of application, principles, advantages limitations and prospects. World journal of microbial biotechnology 32:11.
Baker A. J. M. and Brooks R. R., (1989): Terrestrial higher plants which hyperaccumulatemetalic elements. A review of their distribution, ecology and phytochemistry.Biorecovery 1; 81-126 accumulation by Indian mustard.Journal of Plant Physiology 117; 447- 491.
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Chaney G., Karenlampi S., Schat H., Mergeay M., and Tervahauta A.I. (2000) . Genetic engineering in the improvement of plants for phytoremediation of metal polluted soils. Journal of environmental pollution 107 (2000): 225-231.
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Chekruoun B.K. and Baghour M. (2013). The role of Algae in phytoremediation of heavy metals, Journal of Materials and environmental sciences 4 (6) 873-880.
Choi W.D., Chung Y.H., Yong Y.H, and Sang W.S. (1996). The role of Zinc in selective neuronal death after transient global cerebral ischemia.American association of advancementof sciences. 272: 5264-5272.
Cohen, Y., et al. (2017). Chelation of heavy metals by plant ligands. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(10), 2671-2685.
Cunningham, S. April 19-22, (1995): In Proceedings/Abstracts of the Fourteenth Annual Symposium, Current Topics in Plant Biochemistry,Physiology, and Molecular Biology Columbia; pp. 47-48.
Cunningham, S.D., and Ow, D.W. (1996): Promises and prospects of phytoremediation. Plant Physiology . 110; 715-719.
Cunningham, S.D., Berti, W.R. and Huang, J.W. (1995): Phytoremediation of Contaminated Soils.Trends Biotechnology, 13; 393-397.
Deepika Goyal, Arti Yadav, Mrinalini Prasad, Teg Bahadur Singh, Preksha Shrivastav, Akbar Ali, Prem Kumar Dantu, and Sushma Mishra (2020). Effect of Heavy Metals on Plant Growth: An Overview https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41552-5_4.
Deng D.G., Ping X., Qiong z., Hua Y., and Long-Gen G.(2007). Studies on temporal and special variations of phytoplankton in lakeChaohu. Journal of integrative plant biology 49(4) 409-418.
Elbagermi, M. A., Edwards, H. G. M., &Alajtal, A. I. (2012). Monitoring of heavy metal content in fruits and vegetables collected from production and market sites in the Misurata area of Libya. International Scholarly Research Notices, (1), 827645.
Epstein, E., et al. (2016). Nutrient cycling in ecosystems. Oxford University Press.
Eshleman A, Siegel SM, Siegel BZ (1971) Is mercury from Hawaiian volcanoes a natural source of pollution? Nature 223:471–475.
Gall E.J ,Rajakaruna N. and Roberts B. (2015): Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs. A review of environmental monitoring assessment 187 (4) ;201
Gall JE, Boyd RS, Rajakaruna N (2015) Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environ Monit Assess 187(4):201.
Ghosh& Singh (2015) A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its by products, applied ecology and environmental research 3(1): 1-18.
Gibson, D. J., et al. (2011). Plant community ecology. Oxford University Press.
Guan Q, Wang F, Xu C, Pan N, Lin J, Zhao R, Luo H (2018) Source apportionment of heavy metals in agricultural soil based on PMF: a case study in Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Chemosphere 193:189–197.
Guo J., Wu Y., and Wang G. (2017), Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of mutant yellow leaves provides insights into pigment synthesis and metabolism in Ginkgo bibola. Researcharticle BMC Genomics 21,858.
Herawati N, Suzuki S, Hayashi K, Rivai IF, Koyoma H (2000) Cadmium, copper and zinc levels in rice and soil of Japan, Indonesia and China by soil type. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:33–39.
Jiang C., Dongyi H., Min G., John Y., Wenqiang W., Jing Z., Jingjing W., Yong L., Changsheng J. and peng Y (2017). Effects of soil amendments applied on Cadmium availability, soil enzymes activity and plant uptake in contaminated soil. 654: 1364-1371.
John O.J and Kakulu S.E.(2012) Industrial impact on selected heavy metals in soilS. Journal of environmental toxicology study.
Khan A.G (2000), Assessment of heavy metals cations in sediments of ShingMun River, Hong Kong. Journal of environmental Geochemistry in the Tropics and Subtropics26 :417-423.
Kirk G.J (1999) A model of Phosphate solubilization by organic anion excretion from plants roots.European Journal of soil science 50 (3): 369 .
Kirk G.J.D (`1999), A model of phosphate solubilization by organic anion excretion from plants roots ,EuropeanJounal of soil science 50 (3); 360.
Kramer, P. J., et al. (2019). Plant physiology. Wiley.
Kramer, U., et al. (2019). Mechanisms of heavy metal uptake and transport in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 70(1), 21-33.
Li X., Li Y., Mai J., Ta O.L., Qu M., Liu J., Shen R., Xu G., Feng Y., Xiao H., Wu L., Shi L., Guo S (2021). Heavy metal toxicity by promoting root alkalization in transition zone via polar auxin transport . Journal of plant physiology 177:1254-1266.
Lindeman, R. L. (1942). The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology, 23(4), 399-417.
Luo, Y.; Zhao, X.; Xu, T.; Liu, H.; Li, X.; Johnson, D.; Huang, Y. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the lotus root of rural ponds in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. J. Soils Sediments 2017, 17, 2557–2565.
Lux, A., et al. (2011). Xylem transport of heavy metals in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62(10), 3311-3324.
Mani D.S. and Kumar C. (2014) Biotechnology advances in bioremediation of heavy metala contaminated ecosystems. International journal of environmental science technology 11:843-872.
Mehta A.R., Anderson S.P. (2020), Natural variation in adventitious roots formation.Journal of science and genetics 1360-1385.
Mirshekali H., Hadi H., Amirnia R, and Khodaverdilooh H. (2012). Effects of Zinc on phytoremediation potential of plants, Turkish Journal of Botany 45:6
Misra and Mani (1995); Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soil and water .Journal of environmental protection 8:12
Misra SG, Mani D (1991) Soil pollution. Ashish Publishing House, New Delhi
Moller M., Paul E.J and Andreas H. (2006) Oxidative modification of cellular components in plants.Annual review of plant biology 58:459-481.
Mourato P.M, Moreira N.I, Ines L, Filipa R.P, Joana R.J and Martins L.L (2015), Effects of heavy metals in plants of the Genus Brassica. International Journal of molecular Sciences 16 (8) 17975- 17998.
Mueller, B., Rock, S., Gowswami, Dib, Ensley, D. (1999): Phytoremediation Decision Tree. Prepared by Interstate Technology and RegulatoryCooperation Work Group; pp 1-36.
Nagajyoti PC, Lee KD, Sreekanth TVM (2010) Heavy metals, occurrence and toxicity for plants: a review. Environ Chem Lett. 8:199–216.
Nriagu JO (1989) A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338:47–49.
Omono A.M. and Kakulu S.E. (2012) Occurrence, toxicity and remediation of Soil by plants, journal of environmental chemistry 20 (3):177-180.
Orisakwe O.E., John K.N., and Onyinyechi B.(2012). Heavy Metals health risk assessment for population via consumption of food crops and fruits in Owerri, South Eastern Nigeria, ChemistryCentral Journal 6:77.
Phaniendra A, Jestadi DB, Periyasamy L (2015) Free radicals: properties, sources, targets, and their implication in various diseases. Indian J Clin Biochem 30(1):11–26.
Phaniendra A., Denish B.J. and Latha .P; (2015): Free Radicals propreties, sources, targets and their implication in various diseases. Indian Journal of clinical biochemistry 30 (1) :11-26.
Rulkens, W.H., Tichy, R., Grotenhuis, J.T.C., (1998): Remediation of polluted soil and sediment: perspectives and failures.Journal of Water Science Technology. 37; 27-35.
Safari F. and Dincer I. (2019), Development and analysis of a novel biomass –based integrated system for multigeneration with hydrogen production 44(7):3511-3526.
Shen H., Naveedullah , Muhammad Z., Chunna Y. and Dechao D. (2014). Concentration and human health risk assessment of selected heavy metals in surface of SilingReservior watershed in Zhediang province China. Pollitical Journal of Environmental studies 23 (3) : 801-811.
Shittu, A. M., Yazid, S., Ado, K. A., Bilyamin, A. A., & Jabir, A. A. (2022). Anti-Nutritional Status, Hazard indices,(Transfer Factor, TF and Hazard Quotients, HQ) in Carrot, Cabbage, lettuce, Spinach and Spring Onion Obtained from Faringada Vegetable farm Jos North Local Government, Plateau State. Nigeria. Tropical journal of engineering, science and technologY, 2(2), 107-116.
Sidhu S.G., and Bali S.A., (2017), Arsenic toxicity and tolerance in plants-from physiology to remediation.Journal of Chemosphere.
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