Compounding of Synthesized Monomethylol Urea and Hydroxylated Palm Kernel Oil as Composite Resin for Emulsion Paint Formulation
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10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3608
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Abstract
Palm kernel oil which is a triglyceride was subjected to chemical modification of its structure to add hydroxyl groups. The hydroxylated chemical structure was cross-linked with monomethylol urea, a thermoset resin to produce a composite MMU/HPKO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to ascertain the existence of chemical interactions between MMU and HPKO, the reduction of the absorption band around 3360.69cm-1 which is due to the presence of hydroxyl groups was an indication of the occurrence of chemical reaction between hydroxylated palm kernel oil and monomethylol urea. The compounded composite was further characterized for the eval_uation of physical and mechanical properties. Properties like the elongation at break, viscosity, Gel time, Turbidity and Refractive index increases with percentage inclusion of HPKO until at above 50% where changes were noticed. While parameters like Formaldehyde emission, Moisture uptake, Density and melting point decreases with percentage loading of HPKO. Copolymerization successfully combined the advantages of MMU specie with HPKO while offsetting their shortcomings in a synergetic manner to create a higher performance class of polymer. Therefore, the blending of monomethylol urea with the hydroxylated palm kernel oil in this research work has added flexibility to MMU which hitherto was brittle and hard, improve it water resistance properties because of the hydrophobic nature of the hydroxylated palm kernel oil, and has brought about a reduction in the formaldehyde emission of monomethylol urea due to the percentage’s inclusion of hydroxylated palm kernel oil and subsequent deduction of monomethylol urea.
Keywords:
Monomethylol Urea; Hydroxylated Palm Kernel Oil; Composite; Emulsion Paint; Compounding; Copolymerization
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S, A. C., Kime, B., & G, F. F. (2024). Compounding of Synthesized Monomethylol Urea and Hydroxylated Palm Kernel Oil as Composite Resin for Emulsion Paint Formulation. Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology, 1(1), 323-343. https://doi.org/10.58578/kijst.v1i1.3608
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Alakrach, A.M., Hamzah, R., Noriman, N. Z., Omar S Dahham1, Z Shayfull, S Z Syed Idrus , S Sudin (2018). Recycled Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Filled Chloroprene Rubber: Effects of Compatibilizers J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1st International Conference on Green and Sustainable Computing.
Al-Manasir, N. (2009). Preparation and Characterization of crosslinked polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery applications. University of Oslo, Norway. Pp.12-85
Archibong C. and Osemeahon S (2019). Development of monomethylol urea for coating application: effect of time on synthesis. Current trends biomedical engineering & biosciences, 2019; 18(2):1-6 issn:2572-1151
Archibong, C.S., Osemeahon S.A., Ushie O.A., and Ugwuja, D.I., (2018). Trimethylol urea and polyethylene waste composite as Binder for emulsion paint Formulation. International Journal of modern Chemistry, 10(1):1-13
Astarloa-Aierbe, J.M., Echewerria, Vazquez, A. I. Mondragon (2000). Influence of the amount of Catalyst and pH on the Phenolic Resol Resin Formation. Journal polymer 41:3311-3315
Azanam, S.H., and Siew, K (2007). Natural rubber and its derivatives, elastomers, Nevin Cankaya, intechopen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69661.
Bharath, N.K., and Swamy, P.R (2009). Adhesive tensile and moisture absorption characteristics of natural fibers’ reinforced urea formaldehyde composites. International Journal of recent trends in Engineering, 1(5):60-62
Bin, F., Xiang, F., Huai-Xi, W., Wen, D and Yu-Chun, L(2016). The effect of Crystallinity on the compressive Properyies of A-PTFE. Journal of Polymers, 8(10):356-362.
Cakir, M.S., Ivana, S.R., Vladislav, M.J., Radmilaz, R., Olivera, Z.I., and Jao, K.B (2012). Investigation of the curing kinetics of alkyd-melamine-epoxy resinsystem. Progress in organic coatings, 73(4):415-424.
Emile, M (2015). Moisture transfer properties of coated gypsum. Eindhoven University Press, Eindhoven, Netherlands. 15(7):2-6
Fahad AlObaidi, Zhibin Ye, Shiping Zhu (2004). Ethylene Polymerization with Homogeneous Nickel-Diimine Catalyst: Effect of catalyst structure and polymerization conditions on catalysts activity and polymer properties. Jounal of polymer, 45:6823-6829
Garnier, S., Pizzi, A., Vorster, O.C., Halasz, L. (2002). Rheology of polyflavonoid tannin. Formaldehyde reactions before and after gelling. I: Methods. Journal of Applied polymer Science, 86(4):852-863.
Gawdzik, B and Matynia, T (2001). Synthesis and modification of epoxybased divinyl ester resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81(4):2062-2067
Gonzalez GM, Cabanelas JC, Baselga J (2012). Application of FTIR on epoxy resins-Identification, monitoring the curing process, phase separation and water uptake. Infrared Spectrosc. – Mater. Sci. Eng. Technol. 261-283.
Goud, V., Patwardhan, A.V., Dinda, S. and Praddhan, N.C (2007). Epoxidation of karanja (pongamia glabra) oil catalyzed by acidic ion exchangers. European journal of lipid Science and Technology, 109:575-584
Hamad, K., Kaseem, M., and Deri, F. (2010) Effect of recycling on rheological and mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid)/ polystyrene polymer blend, Springerlink.
Hu, X., Fan, J., Yue, C.Y (2001). Rheological study of crosslinkingand gelation in bismaleimide/cyanate ester interpenetrating polymer network. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 80(5):2437-2445.
Hwang, Y., Sangmook, L., Youngjae, Y., Kwangho, J., and Lee, W (2012). Reactive extrusion of polypropylene/polystyrene blends with supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Macromolecular Res. 20(6):559-567.
Jain W (2008). eval_uation of second generation indirect composite resins. A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree, Master of Science in the Department of Dental Materials, Indian University, Idianapolis. Pp. 1-94.
Jon won Kang and yun-kyoo Han (1997). Polymerization of Tetrahydrofuran with new transition metal catalyst and its mechanism: (p-methylbenzyl)-o-cyanopyridium Hexafluoroantimonate. Bull Koren Chem. Soc.18(4):1-16
Kaniappan K, Latha S (2011). Certain Investigations on the formulation and characterization of polystyrene/poly (methylmethacrylate) blends. Int. J. Chem. Res. 3(2):708-717.
Kazys, R., and Rekuviene, R (2011). Viscosity and density measurement methods for polymer melts. Ultragarsas “Ultrasound” 66(4):20-25.
Khot, S.N., Lascala, J.J., Erde, C., Williams, I.G (2001). Development and application of triglyride-based polymers and composites. Journal applied Polymer Science, 82(2):213-224
Kim, M.G., Kanatzidis, M.G., Facchetti A., Marks T.J (2011). Low-Temperature Fabrication of high Performance Metal Oxide Thin-Film electronics via combustion Processing. US Nat. Lib. Of Med. Natural instistute of Health. 10(5):382-8
kirana, suswato, and sigit T. Nicaksmo (2018). Effect of thermoset plastic addition in physical and mechanical properties of plastics waste composite for construction material application. AIP conference proceedings, 34(2):1-20
Lee J., Jeon. H., Kim S. (2011). Green adhesives using tannin and Cashew nut shell liquid for environmental-friendly furniture materials. J. Korean Furniture society. 22(3):219-229
Liem, H., Etchegoin, P., Whitehead, K.S., and Bradley, D.DC (2002). Raman Scattering as a probe of morphology in conjugated polymer thin films. Journal of Applied Physics. 92(2):1154-1161.
Luis Alexandro, Francisco J.E., Horlesian M.T., Florentino S.C., Hector R.C., Claude S.T., Francisco H.G., Jose L.C., Ramon E.D. (2016). The Influence of co-catalyst in the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene catalyzed by Neodynium chloride Tripentanoate. J.Mex. Chem. Soc. 60(3):56-62
Madufor, I., Eze, O., Marthin, U. (2013). The effect of bamboo powder on some mechanical properties recycled low density polyethylene (RLDP) composite. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4(1):409-419
Mavani. I.S., Mehta, M.N., Parsania, H.P (2007). Synthesis and physico-chemical study of polyester resin of 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4- hydroxyl phenyl) cyclohexane and rininoleic acid and its polyurethanes with polyethylene glycol. Journal of Science and and industrial research, 66(6):377-384
Menkiti M.C., Onukwuli O.D (2011). Utilization potentials of rubber seed oil for the production of alkyd resin using variable base oil lengths. New York Sci. J. 4(2):51-59.
Ming Cao, Taohong Li, Jiankun Liang and Guanben D.U. (2017). The influence of pH on Melanine-Dimthylurea-Formaldehyde Co-condensations: A Quantitative 13C-NMR Study. MDPI J. of Polymer 10(9): 1-12
Ming Liu, Rooban Venkatesh K.G. Thirumalai Yiqiang Wu and Hui Wan (2017). Characterization of the Crystalline Region of Cured Urea Formaldehyde Resin. R.S.C. 7:49536-49541
Nooijen, G.A., Amsterdam B.V., (2001). Ziegler/Natta catalysts in particle form ethylene polymeriza- tion: The effect of polymerization start-up on catalyst activity and morphology of the produced polymer. Elsevier Science Publishers (11):35-46
Park, B.D., Jeong, H.W and Lee, S,m (2010). Morphology and chemical elements detection of cured urea formaldehyde resins. Journal of applied science, 120(3): 1475-1482.
Patrick, T.W., Rita, K.W., Thomas A.C., Thomas A.G.,and Basil G. (2009). Infrared spectroscopy of exfoliated human cervical cells: evidence of extensive structural change duringcarcinogenesis. Progress of national Academics of science, 88(7):10988-10992
Patrovic Z.S., Zlatanic A., Lava C.C., and Sinasinovic-fise S. (2003). Epoxidation of soyabean oil in toluene with peroxoacetic acid and peroxoformi acids-kinetics and side reactions. European journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 104(5): 293-299
Qi, G.R., Wang Y.H., Li, X.X., Peng, H.Y., and Yang S. L (2002). Viscometric study of on the specific interaction between proton-donating polymersand proton-accepting polymers. Journal of Applied Sciences, 85:415-421
Sahad, N., Som, A., Baharuddin, A., Mokhtar, M., Buzu Z.,and Sulaiman, a (2015). Physicochemical characterization of Oil palm Decanter Cake (OPDC) for Residual Oil Recovery. Bioresources, 9(8):6361-6372.
Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R (2010). Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem. Rev. 110(4):2536-2572.
Sancheza, E.M., Zavagliaa, C.A., Felisbertib, M.I (2000). Unsaturated polyester resins: influence of the styrene concentration on the miscibility and mechanical properties. Journal of Polymer 41:765-769.
Shashidhara, Y and Jayaram, S. (2010). Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid-an evolution. Tribology international, 43(5):1073-1081.
Stefena Acierno, Peter Van Puyvelde (2005). Effect of short chain branching upon crystallization of model polyamides-11. Journal of Polymer, 46:10331-10338.
Trezza, T ant Krochta, J. (2001). Specular reflection, gloss, roughness and surface heterogeneity of biopolymer coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79(6):2221-2229
Unar, I.N., Soomro, S.A., Aziz, S (2010). Effects of various additives on the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride Resins. Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 11(2):44-50
Yelwa, J.M., Osemeahon, S.A., Nkafamiya, I.I. and Abdullahi, S. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxylated Sunflower Seed Oil/Poly Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as a Binder for Possible Application in the Coating Industry, 4(7): International Journal of Science, 4(7):39-43
Zorba, T., Papadopoulou E., Hatjiissaak A., Paraskevopoulos K.M and Chrissafis K (2008). Urea-formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. Journal thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 92:29-33.
Afsoon F, Laleh R, Faramarz A (2011). DSC analysis of thermosetting polyimide based on three bismaleimide resin eutectic mixtures. Iranian Polym. J. 20(2):161-171
Alakrach, A.M., Hamzah, R., Noriman, N. Z., Omar S Dahham1, Z Shayfull, S Z Syed Idrus , S Sudin (2018). Recycled Natural Rubber Latex Gloves Filled Chloroprene Rubber: Effects of Compatibilizers J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1st International Conference on Green and Sustainable Computing.
Al-Manasir, N. (2009). Preparation and Characterization of crosslinked polymeric nanoparticles for enhanced oil recovery applications. University of Oslo, Norway. Pp.12-85
Archibong C. and Osemeahon S (2019). Development of monomethylol urea for coating application: effect of time on synthesis. Current trends biomedical engineering & biosciences, 2019; 18(2):1-6 issn:2572-1151
Archibong, C.S., Osemeahon S.A., Ushie O.A., and Ugwuja, D.I., (2018). Trimethylol urea and polyethylene waste composite as Binder for emulsion paint Formulation. International Journal of modern Chemistry, 10(1):1-13
Astarloa-Aierbe, J.M., Echewerria, Vazquez, A. I. Mondragon (2000). Influence of the amount of Catalyst and pH on the Phenolic Resol Resin Formation. Journal polymer 41:3311-3315
Azanam, S.H., and Siew, K (2007). Natural rubber and its derivatives, elastomers, Nevin Cankaya, intechopen, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.69661.
Bharath, N.K., and Swamy, P.R (2009). Adhesive tensile and moisture absorption characteristics of natural fibers’ reinforced urea formaldehyde composites. International Journal of recent trends in Engineering, 1(5):60-62
Bin, F., Xiang, F., Huai-Xi, W., Wen, D and Yu-Chun, L(2016). The effect of Crystallinity on the compressive Properyies of A-PTFE. Journal of Polymers, 8(10):356-362.
Cakir, M.S., Ivana, S.R., Vladislav, M.J., Radmilaz, R., Olivera, Z.I., and Jao, K.B (2012). Investigation of the curing kinetics of alkyd-melamine-epoxy resinsystem. Progress in organic coatings, 73(4):415-424.
Emile, M (2015). Moisture transfer properties of coated gypsum. Eindhoven University Press, Eindhoven, Netherlands. 15(7):2-6
Fahad AlObaidi, Zhibin Ye, Shiping Zhu (2004). Ethylene Polymerization with Homogeneous Nickel-Diimine Catalyst: Effect of catalyst structure and polymerization conditions on catalysts activity and polymer properties. Jounal of polymer, 45:6823-6829
Garnier, S., Pizzi, A., Vorster, O.C., Halasz, L. (2002). Rheology of polyflavonoid tannin. Formaldehyde reactions before and after gelling. I: Methods. Journal of Applied polymer Science, 86(4):852-863.
Gawdzik, B and Matynia, T (2001). Synthesis and modification of epoxybased divinyl ester resin. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 81(4):2062-2067
Gonzalez GM, Cabanelas JC, Baselga J (2012). Application of FTIR on epoxy resins-Identification, monitoring the curing process, phase separation and water uptake. Infrared Spectrosc. – Mater. Sci. Eng. Technol. 261-283.
Goud, V., Patwardhan, A.V., Dinda, S. and Praddhan, N.C (2007). Epoxidation of karanja (pongamia glabra) oil catalyzed by acidic ion exchangers. European journal of lipid Science and Technology, 109:575-584
Hamad, K., Kaseem, M., and Deri, F. (2010) Effect of recycling on rheological and mechanical properties of poly (lactic acid)/ polystyrene polymer blend, Springerlink.
Hu, X., Fan, J., Yue, C.Y (2001). Rheological study of crosslinkingand gelation in bismaleimide/cyanate ester interpenetrating polymer network. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 80(5):2437-2445.
Hwang, Y., Sangmook, L., Youngjae, Y., Kwangho, J., and Lee, W (2012). Reactive extrusion of polypropylene/polystyrene blends with supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Macromolecular Res. 20(6):559-567.
Jain W (2008). eval_uation of second generation indirect composite resins. A thesis submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree, Master of Science in the Department of Dental Materials, Indian University, Idianapolis. Pp. 1-94.
Jon won Kang and yun-kyoo Han (1997). Polymerization of Tetrahydrofuran with new transition metal catalyst and its mechanism: (p-methylbenzyl)-o-cyanopyridium Hexafluoroantimonate. Bull Koren Chem. Soc.18(4):1-16
Kaniappan K, Latha S (2011). Certain Investigations on the formulation and characterization of polystyrene/poly (methylmethacrylate) blends. Int. J. Chem. Res. 3(2):708-717.
Kazys, R., and Rekuviene, R (2011). Viscosity and density measurement methods for polymer melts. Ultragarsas “Ultrasound” 66(4):20-25.
Khot, S.N., Lascala, J.J., Erde, C., Williams, I.G (2001). Development and application of triglyride-based polymers and composites. Journal applied Polymer Science, 82(2):213-224
Kim, M.G., Kanatzidis, M.G., Facchetti A., Marks T.J (2011). Low-Temperature Fabrication of high Performance Metal Oxide Thin-Film electronics via combustion Processing. US Nat. Lib. Of Med. Natural instistute of Health. 10(5):382-8
kirana, suswato, and sigit T. Nicaksmo (2018). Effect of thermoset plastic addition in physical and mechanical properties of plastics waste composite for construction material application. AIP conference proceedings, 34(2):1-20
Lee J., Jeon. H., Kim S. (2011). Green adhesives using tannin and Cashew nut shell liquid for environmental-friendly furniture materials. J. Korean Furniture society. 22(3):219-229
Liem, H., Etchegoin, P., Whitehead, K.S., and Bradley, D.DC (2002). Raman Scattering as a probe of morphology in conjugated polymer thin films. Journal of Applied Physics. 92(2):1154-1161.
Luis Alexandro, Francisco J.E., Horlesian M.T., Florentino S.C., Hector R.C., Claude S.T., Francisco H.G., Jose L.C., Ramon E.D. (2016). The Influence of co-catalyst in the polymerization of 1,3-butadiene catalyzed by Neodynium chloride Tripentanoate. J.Mex. Chem. Soc. 60(3):56-62
Madufor, I., Eze, O., Marthin, U. (2013). The effect of bamboo powder on some mechanical properties recycled low density polyethylene (RLDP) composite. Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 4(1):409-419
Mavani. I.S., Mehta, M.N., Parsania, H.P (2007). Synthesis and physico-chemical study of polyester resin of 1,1-bis (3-methyl-4- hydroxyl phenyl) cyclohexane and rininoleic acid and its polyurethanes with polyethylene glycol. Journal of Science and and industrial research, 66(6):377-384
Menkiti M.C., Onukwuli O.D (2011). Utilization potentials of rubber seed oil for the production of alkyd resin using variable base oil lengths. New York Sci. J. 4(2):51-59.
Ming Cao, Taohong Li, Jiankun Liang and Guanben D.U. (2017). The influence of pH on Melanine-Dimthylurea-Formaldehyde Co-condensations: A Quantitative 13C-NMR Study. MDPI J. of Polymer 10(9): 1-12
Ming Liu, Rooban Venkatesh K.G. Thirumalai Yiqiang Wu and Hui Wan (2017). Characterization of the Crystalline Region of Cured Urea Formaldehyde Resin. R.S.C. 7:49536-49541
Nooijen, G.A., Amsterdam B.V., (2001). Ziegler/Natta catalysts in particle form ethylene polymeriza- tion: The effect of polymerization start-up on catalyst activity and morphology of the produced polymer. Elsevier Science Publishers (11):35-46
Park, B.D., Jeong, H.W and Lee, S,m (2010). Morphology and chemical elements detection of cured urea formaldehyde resins. Journal of applied science, 120(3): 1475-1482.
Patrick, T.W., Rita, K.W., Thomas A.C., Thomas A.G.,and Basil G. (2009). Infrared spectroscopy of exfoliated human cervical cells: evidence of extensive structural change duringcarcinogenesis. Progress of national Academics of science, 88(7):10988-10992
Patrovic Z.S., Zlatanic A., Lava C.C., and Sinasinovic-fise S. (2003). Epoxidation of soyabean oil in toluene with peroxoacetic acid and peroxoformi acids-kinetics and side reactions. European journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 104(5): 293-299
Qi, G.R., Wang Y.H., Li, X.X., Peng, H.Y., and Yang S. L (2002). Viscometric study of on the specific interaction between proton-donating polymersand proton-accepting polymers. Journal of Applied Sciences, 85:415-421
Sahad, N., Som, A., Baharuddin, A., Mokhtar, M., Buzu Z.,and Sulaiman, a (2015). Physicochemical characterization of Oil palm Decanter Cake (OPDC) for Residual Oil Recovery. Bioresources, 9(8):6361-6372.
Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R (2010). Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem. Rev. 110(4):2536-2572.
Sancheza, E.M., Zavagliaa, C.A., Felisbertib, M.I (2000). Unsaturated polyester resins: influence of the styrene concentration on the miscibility and mechanical properties. Journal of Polymer 41:765-769.
Shashidhara, Y and Jayaram, S. (2010). Vegetable oils as a potential cutting fluid-an evolution. Tribology international, 43(5):1073-1081.
Stefena Acierno, Peter Van Puyvelde (2005). Effect of short chain branching upon crystallization of model polyamides-11. Journal of Polymer, 46:10331-10338.
Trezza, T ant Krochta, J. (2001). Specular reflection, gloss, roughness and surface heterogeneity of biopolymer coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 79(6):2221-2229
Unar, I.N., Soomro, S.A., Aziz, S (2010). Effects of various additives on the physical properties of polyvinyl chloride Resins. Journal of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, 11(2):44-50
Yelwa, J.M., Osemeahon, S.A., Nkafamiya, I.I. and Abdullahi, S. (2017). Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxylated Sunflower Seed Oil/Poly Vinyl Acetate Copolymer as a Binder for Possible Application in the Coating Industry, 4(7): International Journal of Science, 4(7):39-43
Zorba, T., Papadopoulou E., Hatjiissaak A., Paraskevopoulos K.M and Chrissafis K (2008). Urea-formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. Journal thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 92:29-33.
