Enhancing the Extraction of 6-Gingerol from Zingiber officinale Rhizomes Using Dry Vacuum Evaporation to Improve Bioavailability
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10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.3817
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Abstract
This study optimized the extraction and purification of 6-gingerol from ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizomes through a multi-step process. Initially, cold maceration ethanol extraction was performed, followed by hexane defatting to remove impurities. Further purification was achieved through liquid-liquid extraction using a sequential solvent system of chloroform and ethyl acetate. The resulting extract was then fractionated using silica gel column chromatography with methanol, and finally concentrated using dry vacuum evaporation to minimize heat-induced degradation. HPLC analysis confirmed a significant concentration of 6-gingerol (33 mg/g) in the final extract. Thus, optimized method demonstrates an effective approach to produce high-quality ginger extracts enriched in 6-gingerol, with potential applications in pharmaceutical or nutraceutical products.
Keywords:
6-Gingerol; Ginger; Extraction; Purification; Dry vacuum evaporation; HPLC
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I, O. A., & O, O. B. (2024). Enhancing the Extraction of 6-Gingerol from Zingiber officinale Rhizomes Using Dry Vacuum Evaporation to Improve Bioavailability. African Journal of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Research, 1(2), 892-900. https://doi.org/10.58578/ajbmbr.v1i2.3817
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
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Azian, M.N., Anisa, A.I.N. and Iwai, Y. (2014). Mechanisms of ginger bioactive compounds extract using Soxhlet and accelerated water extraction. International Journal of Chemical, Materials Science and Engineering, 8(5): 438–442.
Bhandari, M.N., Dombale, R.C. and Pagar, M.M (2019). Extraction of 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale using three different solvents and its purification using thin layer chromatography. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 8(9): 355-360.
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H.Z.E. and Rahmat, A. (2015). Optimization protocol for the extraction of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and improving antioxidant and anticancer activity using response surface methodology, BMC Compl. Alternative Med., 15: 1–10.
Hu, J., Guo, Z., Glasius, M., Kristensen, K., Xiao, L. and Xu, X. (2011). Pressurized liquid extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with bioethanol: an efficient and sustainable approach. Journal of Chromatography A 1218(34): 5765–5773.
Hu, W., Yu, A., Wang, S., Bai, Q., Tang, H., Yang, B., Wang, M. and Kuang, H. (2023). Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities, and Applications of the Polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Ginger): A Review. Molecules, 28, 3855.
Jiang, S.Z., Wang, N.S. and Mi, S.Q. (2008). Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of [6]-gingerol in rats. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 29(9): 529–537.
Jorge-Montalvo, P., Vílchez-Perales, C., Visitacion-Figueroa, L. (2023). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity, structure, and surface morphology of ginger (Zingiber officinale) using different extraction methods. Heliyon, 9 (2023) e16516.
Kiyama, R. (2020). Nutritional implications of ginger: Chemistry, biological activities and signaling pathways. J. Nutr. Biochem. 86, 108486.
Liu, W., Zhou, C., Zhao, J., Chen, D. and Li, Q. (2014). Optimized microwave-assisted extraction oj 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria 13(2): 155–168.
Makanjuola, S.A. (2017). Influence of particle size and extraction solvent on antioxidant properties of extracts of tea, ginger and tea-ginger blend. Food Sci. Nutr., 5(6), 1179–1185.
Okafor, A.I, Nok, A.J and Inuwa, H.M. (2013). Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous leaf Extract of Mucuna Pruriens Linn in Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei (Nk-65 Strain). J App Pharm Sci. 3 (4 Suppl 1): S52-S55.
Schwertner, H.A. and Rios, D.C. (2007). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in ginger-containing dietary supplements, species, teas, and beverages. J. Chromatogr. 856:41–47.
Sharizan, A. and Sahilah, A.M. (2021). Extraction and characterization of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale var.Bentong. Food Research, 5(5): 236-243.
Tao, Y., Li, W., Liang, W. and Van Breemen, R.B (2009). Identification and Quantification of Gingerols and Related Compounds in Ginger Dietary Supplements Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem., 11; 57(21): 10014–10021.
Teng, H., Seuseu, K.T., Lee, W.Y. and Chen, L. (2019). Comparing the effects of microwave radiation on 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc). PLoS One 14(6): e0214893.
Vichakshana, G.A.D., Foo, S.C. and Choo, W.S. (2024). Evaluation of high-pressure homogenization as a pretreatment for the extraction and drying of 6-gingerol from ginger. Sustainable Food Technol. 2, 760–768.
Vichakshana, G.A.D., Young, D.J. and Choo, W.S (2022). Extraction, purification, food applications, and recent advances for enhancing the bioavailability of 6-gingerol from ginger – A review. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 14(4): 67–83.
Vipin, A.V., Raksha, K., Nawneet, K., Anu, A. and Venkateswaran, G (2017). Protective effects of phenolics rich extract of ginger against Aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, Biomed. Pharmacother., 91: 415–424.
Wang, Y., Li, R., Jiang, Z.T., Tan, J., Tang, S.H., Li, T.T., Liang, L.L., He, H.J., Liu, Y.M., Li, J.T. and Zhang, X.C. (2018). Green and solvent-free simultaneous ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction of essential oil from white and black peppers. Industrial Crops and Products 114: 164–172.
Wei, Q., Yang, Q., Wang, Q., Sun, C., Zhu, Y., Niu, Y., Yu, J. and Xu, X. (2018). Formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies of 6-gingerol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. AAPS PharmSciTech 19(8): 3661–3669.
Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Feng, Y., Firempong, C.K., Zhu, Y., Omari-Siaw, E., Zheng, Y., Pu, Z., Xu, X. and Yu, J. (2016). Enhanced oral bioavailability of [6]-gingerol SMEDDS: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Journal of Functional Foods 27: 703–710.
Zahoor, A., Yang, C., Yang, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, T., Jiang, K., Guo, S. and Deng, G. (2020). 6-gingerol exerts anti-inflammatory effects and protective properties on LTA-induced mastitis. Phytomedicine, 76(2020): 153248.
Azian, M.N., Anisa, A.I.N. and Iwai, Y. (2014). Mechanisms of ginger bioactive compounds extract using Soxhlet and accelerated water extraction. International Journal of Chemical, Materials Science and Engineering, 8(5): 438–442.
Bhandari, M.N., Dombale, R.C. and Pagar, M.M (2019). Extraction of 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale using three different solvents and its purification using thin layer chromatography. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 8(9): 355-360.
Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H.Z.E. and Rahmat, A. (2015). Optimization protocol for the extraction of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from Zingiber officinale var. rubrum Theilade and improving antioxidant and anticancer activity using response surface methodology, BMC Compl. Alternative Med., 15: 1–10.
Hu, J., Guo, Z., Glasius, M., Kristensen, K., Xiao, L. and Xu, X. (2011). Pressurized liquid extraction of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) with bioethanol: an efficient and sustainable approach. Journal of Chromatography A 1218(34): 5765–5773.
Hu, W., Yu, A., Wang, S., Bai, Q., Tang, H., Yang, B., Wang, M. and Kuang, H. (2023). Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities, and Applications of the Polysaccharides from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. (Ginger): A Review. Molecules, 28, 3855.
Jiang, S.Z., Wang, N.S. and Mi, S.Q. (2008). Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of [6]-gingerol in rats. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 29(9): 529–537.
Jorge-Montalvo, P., Vílchez-Perales, C., Visitacion-Figueroa, L. (2023). Evaluation of antioxidant capacity, structure, and surface morphology of ginger (Zingiber officinale) using different extraction methods. Heliyon, 9 (2023) e16516.
Kiyama, R. (2020). Nutritional implications of ginger: Chemistry, biological activities and signaling pathways. J. Nutr. Biochem. 86, 108486.
Liu, W., Zhou, C., Zhao, J., Chen, D. and Li, Q. (2014). Optimized microwave-assisted extraction oj 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale Roscoe and evaluation of antioxidant activity in vitro. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum, Technologia Alimentaria 13(2): 155–168.
Makanjuola, S.A. (2017). Influence of particle size and extraction solvent on antioxidant properties of extracts of tea, ginger and tea-ginger blend. Food Sci. Nutr., 5(6), 1179–1185.
Okafor, A.I, Nok, A.J and Inuwa, H.M. (2013). Antiplasmodial Activity of Aqueous leaf Extract of Mucuna Pruriens Linn in Mice Infected with Plasmodium Berghei (Nk-65 Strain). J App Pharm Sci. 3 (4 Suppl 1): S52-S55.
Schwertner, H.A. and Rios, D.C. (2007). High-performance liquid chromatographic analysis of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, and 6-shogaol in ginger-containing dietary supplements, species, teas, and beverages. J. Chromatogr. 856:41–47.
Sharizan, A. and Sahilah, A.M. (2021). Extraction and characterization of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol from Zingiber officinale var.Bentong. Food Research, 5(5): 236-243.
Tao, Y., Li, W., Liang, W. and Van Breemen, R.B (2009). Identification and Quantification of Gingerols and Related Compounds in Ginger Dietary Supplements Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem., 11; 57(21): 10014–10021.
Teng, H., Seuseu, K.T., Lee, W.Y. and Chen, L. (2019). Comparing the effects of microwave radiation on 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol from ginger rhizomes (Zingiber officinale Rosc). PLoS One 14(6): e0214893.
Vichakshana, G.A.D., Foo, S.C. and Choo, W.S. (2024). Evaluation of high-pressure homogenization as a pretreatment for the extraction and drying of 6-gingerol from ginger. Sustainable Food Technol. 2, 760–768.
Vichakshana, G.A.D., Young, D.J. and Choo, W.S (2022). Extraction, purification, food applications, and recent advances for enhancing the bioavailability of 6-gingerol from ginger – A review. Quality Assurance and Safety of Crops & Foods, 14(4): 67–83.
Vipin, A.V., Raksha, K., Nawneet, K., Anu, A. and Venkateswaran, G (2017). Protective effects of phenolics rich extract of ginger against Aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity, Biomed. Pharmacother., 91: 415–424.
Wang, Y., Li, R., Jiang, Z.T., Tan, J., Tang, S.H., Li, T.T., Liang, L.L., He, H.J., Liu, Y.M., Li, J.T. and Zhang, X.C. (2018). Green and solvent-free simultaneous ultrasonic-microwave assisted extraction of essential oil from white and black peppers. Industrial Crops and Products 114: 164–172.
Wei, Q., Yang, Q., Wang, Q., Sun, C., Zhu, Y., Niu, Y., Yu, J. and Xu, X. (2018). Formulation, characterization, and pharmacokinetic studies of 6-gingerol-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers. AAPS PharmSciTech 19(8): 3661–3669.
Xu, Y., Wang, Q., Feng, Y., Firempong, C.K., Zhu, Y., Omari-Siaw, E., Zheng, Y., Pu, Z., Xu, X. and Yu, J. (2016). Enhanced oral bioavailability of [6]-gingerol SMEDDS: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Journal of Functional Foods 27: 703–710.
Zahoor, A., Yang, C., Yang, Y., Guo, Y., Zhang, T., Jiang, K., Guo, S. and Deng, G. (2020). 6-gingerol exerts anti-inflammatory effects and protective properties on LTA-induced mastitis. Phytomedicine, 76(2020): 153248.
