MASALIQ

Analisis Ion Nitrit (NO₂⁻) pada Aplikasi Silika Gel Termodifikasi GPTMS-DMA secara Kromatografi

2025-10-02T08:26:58+08:00

The limited research on the use of modified silica gel as a stationary phase in ion chromatography forms the basis of this study, particularly for the analysis of nitrite ions (NO₂⁻), which are toxic and pose risks to both human health and the environment. This study aims to apply glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane–dimethylamine (GPTMS–DMA) modified silica gel as a stationary phase in the analysis of nitrite ions. A quantitative experimental method was used, employing nitrite ion samples at concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. The analysis was conducted using a High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with a UV detector and carbonate-based eluents consisting of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ at concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.05 M, and 0.01 M. The results showed that 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ produced the sharpest chromatogram peaks, highest intensity, and the most stable baseline. The resulting regression equation was y = 0.0093x + 0.1533 with a determination coefficient R² = 0.9939, indicating excellent linearity. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was 33.47 ppm, and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was 111.56 ppm, demonstrating adequate sensitivity. The study concludes that GPTMS–DMA silica gel effectively enhances the sensitivity and selectivity of nitrite ion analysis and shows strong potential for further development in the analysis of other inorganic ions.

Penentuan Kadar Besi (Fe), Mangan (Mn), dan Timbal (Pb) dalam Sampel Air Minum Menggunakan Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

2025-10-05T08:05:49+08:00

This study aims to determine the concentrations of heavy metals—iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) in drinking water samples using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. The research employed a descriptive quantitative approach, involving the preparation of standard solutions and the analysis of filtered drinking water samples. Measurement results indicated that the concentrations of Fe (–0.3714 mg/L), Mn (–0.1098 mg/L), and Pb (–0.5218 mg/L) were below the instrument’s detection limit, resulting in negative values. These findings suggest that the levels of heavy metals in the samples are extremely low and well below the maximum limits set by the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 2 of 2023: 0.3 mg/L for Fe, 0.1 mg/L for Mn, and 0.01 mg/L for Pb. The study concludes that the tested drinking water samples meet quality standards and are safe for consumption, posing no health risks from heavy metal exposure. Additionally, AAS proved to be an effective method for detecting trace metal concentrations, making it suitable for regular and sustainable water quality monitoring.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Buah Nanas dan Jeruk untuk Produksi Eco Enzyme: Uji Fosfor, Kalium, pH, dan TDS

2025-10-16T21:26:24+08:00

The limited research on the use of pineapple and orange peel waste as base materials for eco enzyme production forms the background of this study, despite their high potential as environmentally friendly solutions for organic waste management. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of eco enzyme produced from the fermentation of pineapple and orange peel waste, through phosphorus and potassium tests, as well as measurements of pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS). The method employed combines a qualitative approach for phosphorus and potassium testing with a quantitative approach for pH and TDS measurements, using samples from various fruit peel fermentation treatments. The results showed that the resulting eco enzyme had a yellowish-brown, slightly turbid appearance, with relatively high TDS values due to dissolved solid content. The pH values ranged from 3.5 to 4, indicating acidity influenced by organic acids formed during fermentation. Content analysis showed positive results for phosphorus and potassium, supporting its potential use as a liquid organic fertilizer, along with the presence of flavonoids that support its application as a household cleaner or natural disinfectant. The study concludes that pineapple and orange peel waste is an effective and sustainable raw material for eco enzyme production, offering both economic and ecological benefits in household organic waste management.

Aplikasi Penggunaan Resin Silika Gel-GPTMS Termodifikasi Dimetilamina untuk Analisis Ion Klorida (Cl⁻) secara Kromatografi Ion

2025-10-08T11:53:14+08:00

The limited use of silica gel as an ion-exchange resin in ion chromatography columns forms the background of this study, despite its high potential as a stationary phase. This research aims to apply glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane–dimethylamine (GPTMS–DMA) modified silica gel as an ion-exchange resin in ion chromatography for the analysis of chloride ions (Cl⁻). A quantitative method was employed, using chloride ion concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. The analysis was conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a column packed with GPTMS–DMA silica gel and a mixed eluent of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ at concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.05 M, and 0.01 M. The results showed that 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ produced the most optimal chromatogram peaks, with a regression equation of y = 0.0004x and a determination coefficient R² = 0.9733, indicating high linearity. The study concludes that GPTMS–DMA modified silica gel is effective as a stationary phase for chloride ion analysis via ion chromatography and holds strong potential for further development as an ion-exchange resin in broader chemical analysis applications.

Penerapan Metode Bercerita dalam Membentuk Karakter Religius pada Anak Usia Dini di PAUD 17 Ramadhan, Kota Tangerang

2025-10-08T22:32:23+08:00

The formation of religious character in early childhood is a fundamental aspect of education, serving as the primary foundation for children's future moral, social, and spiritual development. One effective method for instilling religious values is storytelling, which conveys educational messages through an engaging and easily understood approach. This study aims to examine the implementation of the storytelling method in shaping the religious character of early childhood learners and to analyze its effectiveness, with a focus on PAUD 17 Ramadhan in Cibodas District, Tangerang City. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that teachers carried out thorough preparations in both content and technique, including the selection of relevant and varied stories, the use of supporting media such as finger puppets, and creative storytelling delivery through voice modulation, expression, and character imitation. The success of the storytelling method is reflected in the emerging religious habits of the children, such as praying before and after activities, maintaining cleanliness, showing politeness, and becoming familiar with prophetic stories and short surahs. The study concludes that storytelling is an effective method for developing religious character in early childhood when applied consistently and creatively, accompanied by habituation and teacher role modeling as the central figure in the educational process.

Penggunaan Silika Gel-GPTMS-DMA untuk Analisis Ion Bromida (Br⁻) secara Kromatografi Ion

2025-10-10T09:29:34+08:00

The limited research on the use of glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane–dimethylamine (GPTMS–DMA) modified silica gel as a stationary phase in ion chromatography serves as the background of this study, particularly in the context of bromide ion (Br⁻) analysis, which poses health risks due to its potential to form carcinogenic bromate compounds upon reacting with disinfectants. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of GPTMS–DMA modified silica gel as a stationary phase in ion chromatography columns for bromide ion separation. A quantitative experimental laboratory method was employed using bromide solutions at concentrations of 100 ppm, 200 ppm, and 300 ppm. Analysis was conducted using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a UV detector and eluents consisting of Na₂CO₃ and NaHCO₃ at concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.05 M, and 0.01 M. The results showed that the 0.1 M Na₂CO₃ eluent delivered the best performance, producing sharp chromatographic peaks, high intensity, and a stable baseline. The obtained regression equation was y = 0.0002x + 0.0807 with a determination coefficient R² > 0.9992, indicating excellent linearity. The Limit of Detection (LOD) was 12.28 ppm, and the Limit of Quantification (LOQ) was 40.93 ppm, demonstrating adequate sensitivity. The study concludes that GPTMS–DMA modified silica gel has high potential as an efficient and cost-effective alternative stationary phase for bromide ion separation. Its implications include theoretical contributions to the development of hybrid materials for ion separation and practical applications in producing more affordable ion chromatography columns. The research also opens opportunities for further studies on the separation of other inorganic ions using similar materials.

Skrining Fitokimia Kelopak Bunga Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) dalam Bentuk Bunga Kering dan Bubuk Halus

2025-10-10T09:40:18+08:00

Medicinal plants are vital sources of natural bioactive compounds with potential applications in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods. One such plant with high potential is Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), known to contain various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids. This study aims to compare the phytochemical profiles of Roselle calyces in two different physical forms—whole dried flowers and powdered form—and to assess the effect of physical treatment on the presence of secondary metabolites. The samples were dried, ground, and sieved to obtain a fine powder, followed by qualitative phytochemical screening using specific reagents: Culvenor-Fitzgerald for alkaloids, Shinoda and cyanidin tests for flavonoids, foam test for saponins, 1% FeCl₃ for tannins, and Liebermann–Burchard test for terpenoids and steroids. The results showed that both sample forms tested positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and terpenoids, while tannins and steroids were not detected. These consistent findings suggest that proper drying and grinding processes do not significantly degrade the main active compounds in Roselle. The study concludes that the physical form of Roselle calyces (whole or powdered) does not qualitatively affect its phytochemical profile. These results provide a foundation for optimizing the use of Roselle’s secondary metabolites in phytopharmaceuticals or plant-based product applications.

Perbandingan Metode Spektrofotometri dan ICP dalam Penentuan Kesadahan Air

2025-10-10T13:29:07+08:00

Water is a vital resource whose quality must be ensured for safe consumption and industrial use. One critical parameter in assessing water quality is hardness, typically caused by the presence of calcium (Ca²⁺) and magnesium (Mg²⁺) ions. High levels of hardness can lead to negative effects such as scale formation on equipment, reduced efficiency of boilers and turbines, and potential health issues. This study aims to compare water hardness analysis results obtained using two instruments—Spectrophotometer DR 3900 and Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Perkin Elmer 3800—to identify the strengths and limitations of each method. The research was conducted experimentally using soft water samples collected from boiler piping. Spectrophotometric analysis was based on the Lambert-Beer law by measuring absorbance after adding a complexing reagent, while ICP analysis involved nebulization of filtered and acidified samples using concentrated HNO₃. The results showed that the concentrations of Ca and Mg in the samples were below the hardness threshold (<1 ppm). The highest total hardness measured using the spectrophotometer was 0.524 ppm, while the highest value obtained via ICP was 0.652 ppm. Although both methods produced comparable data, ICP demonstrated superior sensitivity and accuracy, albeit with higher costs and procedural complexity. The study concludes that ICP is recommended for high-sensitivity hardness analysis, whereas the spectrophotometer is more suitable for routine, efficient, and cost-effective testing.

Batu Kapur sebagai Prekursor Hidroksiapatit: Tinjauan Metode Sintesis, Tantangan, dan Prospeknya

2025-10-10T21:52:15+08:00

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is a calcium phosphate biomaterial with high biocompatibility, widely utilized in biomedical, cosmetic, and photocatalytic applications. The high production cost of synthetic HAp has driven the search for abundant and environmentally friendly natural alternatives, such as limestone (CaCO₃), as a potential precursor. This article aims to review various limestone-based HAp synthesis methods, including wet precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, and sintering techniques, and to evaluate the influence of process parameters on the Ca/P ratio, phase purity, and crystal morphology. The review is conducted through an analysis of recent literature comparing the performance of each method. Findings indicate that limestone with CaCO₃ content exceeding 95% can produce HAp with a Ca/P ratio approaching the stoichiometric value of 1.67; however, the presence of natural impurities such as Si, Al, Mg, and Fe may lead to the formation of secondary phases, such as β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). Optimization of process parameters, including calcination temperature, pH, and reaction time, is shown to be crucial for enhancing crystallinity and approximating the structure of natural bone. Furthermore, green synthesis approaches employing bio-extracts such as gelatin or leaf extracts contribute to improved homogeneity and particle size control. This review concludes that limestone is an economical and sustainable local source for HAp production, with significant potential for the development of biomimetic materials based on Indonesian natural minerals that are efficient and globally competitive.

Optimasi Viscosity Reducer dalam Mitigasi Minyak Mentah yang Mengental dari Sumur X

2025-10-19T22:12:30+08:00

Crude oil from Well X contains both hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon components, and during its transportation from Field D to Port E, it encounters technical challenges due to wax formation at low temperatures. This wax formation increases the crude oil’s viscosity, complicating the pumping process and raising operational costs. This study aims to reduce the viscosity of crude oil by injecting a chemical viscosity reducer at various doses: 0 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1500 ppm, and 2000 ppm. The method involved viscosity testing following the addition of the chemical viscosity reducer at each dose level. The results indicate that the optimal dose is 2000 ppm, which successfully reduces the average viscosity from 604 cP to 313 cP. This reduction is attributed to the interaction of non-polar compounds in the chemical viscosity reducer that dissolve wax and inhibit paraffin crystallization, as well as polar compounds that disperse asphaltene molecules. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of chemical viscosity reducers in enhancing crude oil transport performance and operational efficiency, particularly under low-temperature environmental conditions.

Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Animasi berbasis YouTube terhadap Hasil Belajar Kognitif Peserta Didik pada Materi Virus Kelas X SMA

2025-10-13T22:17:02+08:00

The advancement of information and communication technology offers significant opportunities to enhance learning quality, particularly in biology, a subject often perceived by students as abstract and difficult to comprehend. This study aims to examine the effect of using YouTube-based animation media on the cognitive learning outcomes of Grade X senior high school students in the topic of viruses. The research employed an experimental method with a Posttest Only Control Design, involving 67 students from SMA Negeri 2 Batusangkar in the 2025/2026 academic year. Participants were divided into two groups: an experimental class using YouTube-based animation media and a control class using PowerPoint media. Data were collected through a validated multiple-choice test consisting of 20 items. Data analysis was conducted using normality, homogeneity, and t-tests via SPSS version 20. The results showed that the data were normally distributed and homogeneous, and there was a significant difference between the learning outcomes of the experimental and control classes (significance value 0.019 < 0.050). The average posttest score of the experimental class was 79.19, higher than the control class score of 71. These findings indicate that the use of YouTube-based animation media positively affects students’ cognitive learning outcomes. The study concludes that integrating innovative digital media into biology instruction is essential and offers practical contributions for teachers in designing effective and engaging learning strategies.

Kinetika Adsorpsi Zat Warna Malachite Green pada Silika Xerogel Hasil Sintesis Abu Terbang

2025-10-14T08:51:38+08:00

The increasing activity of the textile industry has led to a surge in wastewater containing synthetic dyes such as Malachite Green, which are toxic and resistant to natural degradation. This study aims to investigate the adsorption kinetics of Malachite Green using silica xerogel synthesized from fly ash as an environmentally friendly adsorbent. The synthesis was conducted using the sol-gel method, involving washing with 3 M HCl, extraction with 7 M NaOH, and re-precipitation using HCl until hydrogel formation, followed by drying to produce xerogel. XRF analysis showed an increase in SiO₂ content from 44.06% to 69.09%, indicating successful silica purification. Adsorption tests revealed a maximum capacity of 21.329 mg/g with an optimal contact time of 90 minutes. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model with an R² value of 0.983, suggesting a chemisorption mechanism involving interactions between silanol groups (-SiOH) on the xerogel surface and dye molecules. These findings demonstrate that fly ash-based silica xerogel has significant potential as an effective, sustainable, and economical adsorbent for dye wastewater treatment in the textile industry.

Analisis Ion Magnesium (Mg²⁺) dengan Kromatografi menggunakan Silika Gel-GPTMS Termodifikasi Sulfonat sebagai Fasa Diam

2025-10-16T21:37:32+08:00

The limited number of studies on the use of modified silica gel as a stationary phase in ion chromatography, particularly for magnesium ion (Mg²⁺) analysis, forms the basis of this research. The primary objective is to modify silica gel with 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS) and sulfonate groups to develop a novel stationary phase selective for Mg²⁺ analysis. A quantitative experimental method was employed using Mg²⁺ samples at concentrations of 100, 200, and 300 ppm. Analysis was conducted using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with two types of eluents: tartaric acid (0.05 M, 0.07 M, 0.09 M) and methanesulfonic acid (0.01 M). The results show that tartaric acid failed to produce distinct chromatographic peaks at all concentrations, likely due to its low ionic strength, which caused Mg²⁺ ions to remain strongly bound to the stationary phase, resulting in signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios below the quantification limit. In contrast, methanesulfonic acid generated sharp peaks with a retention time of 7.47 minutes, peak height of 53.68 mAU, and peak area of 4.42, indicating effective Mg²⁺ detection. These findings suggest that the high ionic strength of methanesulfonic acid makes it a more suitable eluent for silica gel GPTMS-sulfonate-based ion-exchange chromatography systems. The main conclusion of this study is that GPTMS-sulfonate silica gel exhibits high potential as a stationary phase for Mg²⁺ ion analysis using ion chromatography, with optimal performance when methanesulfonic acid is used as the eluent.

Model Asesmen Diagnostik Pembelajaran: Upaya Meningkatkan Pembelajaran Bermutu dan Berpusat pada Siswa

2025-10-18T22:01:23+08:00

Students’ interest and readiness to learn have declined in the post-pandemic period, while the implementation of the Kurikulum Merdeka requires a differentiated, student-centered learning approach. In this context, the practice of diagnostic assessment as a foundation for mapping learning needs has yet to be optimally implemented in many schools. This study aims to describe the implementation of cognitive and non-cognitive diagnostic assessments and their utilization in designing meaningful learning. A qualitative approach with a case study design was conducted at SMPS Islam Terpadu Al Bashiroh, Malang. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the Vice Principal for Curriculum and the Guidance and Counseling teacher, along with document analysis of assessment results. Descriptive analysis was used to map out the implementation procedures, key findings, and instructional follow-up. The findings reveal that (1) cognitive diagnostic assessments are conducted at the beginning of new topics and at the end of instruction through written tests and observation, aimed at identifying prerequisite knowledge, misconceptions, and students' learning readiness; (2) non-cognitive assessments are carried out through learning style inventories (visual, auditory, kinesthetic) and structured interviews to explore students’ preferences, emotions, and learning contexts; (3) assessment results are used by teachers to design differentiation strategies in content, process, and learning products. The study concludes that diagnostic assessments play an effective role in guiding lesson planning tailored to individual student needs and enhancing the quality of the learning process. Practical implications include the need for structured diagnostic assessment policies, teacher capacity-building in instrument development and data analysis, integration of assessment results into lesson planning, and the use of data for remediation, enrichment, and parent communication.

Supervisi Akademik Kepala Madrasah pada MA Cendekia Nashirul Wasathiyyah Klaten

2025-10-20T12:34:02+08:00

This study is motivated by the limited research on the application of humanistic-reflective academic supervision in Islamic educational institutions, despite its significant impact on enhancing teacher professionalism and improving the quality of instruction in madrasahs. The objective of this research is to analyze the practice of academic supervision at MA Cendekia Nashirul Washatiyyah Klaten, examine the implementation of humanistic and reflective approaches in the supervision process, and identify challenges in professional teacher development. A qualitative descriptive method with a case study design was employed, involving five participants—one principal and four teachers—selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that academic supervision is conducted in a structured manner through classroom visits, review of teaching materials, and reflective discussion forums. The principal applies a humanistic-reflective approach that fosters a dialogical, supportive, and partnership-based atmosphere, where the principal acts more as a facilitator than an evaluator. This approach encourages teachers to reflect on their teaching practices and continuously develop their professional competencies. Identified challenges include limited time, administrative workload, and emotional tension experienced by teachers during supervision. The study concludes that academic supervision based on a humanistic-reflective approach positively contributes to strengthening teacher professionalism and reflects the integration of Islamic values such as ta’dib and tazkiyah in madrasah managerial practices. The implications of these findings provide a foundation for adapting holistic supervision models in other Islamic schools, especially in addressing educational challenges in the digital era.

Kondisi Optimum pH Larutan dan Kecepatan Pengadukan dalam Mengidentifikasi Mikroplastik Jenis PET Menggunakan Kitosan dari Cangkang Kepiting (Scylla serrata)

2025-10-24T22:03:50+08:00

This study aims to determine the optimal pH and stirring speed for the identification and removal of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) microplastics using chitosan extracted from crab shell waste (Scylla serrata) through the coagulation method. The chitosan extraction process involved demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation stages. Subsequently, the extracted chitosan was applied as a coagulant in a solution containing PET microplastics under various pH levels and stirring speeds. The results indicate that chitosan derived from crab shell waste is effective in reducing microplastic concentrations, achieving a removal efficiency of 97.30% under optimal conditions of pH 6 and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. These findings highlight the significant potential of utilizing marine waste as an eco-friendly natural biopolymer in microplastic wastewater treatment. This research contributes to the advancement of sustainable biopolymer-based waste treatment technologies and supports efforts to mitigate microplastic pollution in aquatic environments.

Penentuan Kadar Logam Fe pada Air Sumur di Kota Padang dengan Metode Spektrometri Serapan Atom (SSA)

2025-10-27T08:40:33+08:00

Well water is a primary water source for communities and is vulnerable to contamination by heavy metals, particularly iron (Fe), which, at high concentrations, can cause organoleptic issues such as unpleasant odor, taste, and color, as well as pose health risks. According to Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017, the maximum allowable Fe content in water is 1 mg/L. This study aims to determine the concentration of Fe in well water samples from Padang City and evaluate the analytical data quality using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Water samples were collected and preserved with HNO₃ to maintain pH < 2, then analyzed using AAS at a wavelength of 248.3 nm. Method performance evaluation showed reliable analytical quality, with a calibration curve coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.9958, indicating excellent linearity. Accuracy validation through spike tests yielded recovery values within the acceptable range (85%–115%). However, the Relative Percent Difference (RPD) of duplicate samples indicated relatively high variability in precision (14.667%–26.415%), suggesting a need for optimization in the sample preparation stage. Despite this, precision in spike quality control showed excellent results, with an RPD of 0.221%. Quantitative analysis showed that all well water samples had Fe concentrations below the instrument detection limit, indicating compliance with water quality standards and general safety for sanitation and hygiene purposes.

Efektivitas Modul Bentuk Molekul berbasis PjBL Terintegrasi Augmented Reality terhadap Literasi Digital Peserta Didik

2025-10-27T22:17:32+08:00

The development of digital technology has significantly impacted the field of education, particularly in the creation of interactive and contextual learning media. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of a molecular shape module integrated with Augmented Reality (AR) in enhancing the digital literacy skills of Phase F high school students. A quasi-experimental method was employed using a Nonequivalent Control Group Design. The study population included all Phase F high school students, with sample selection conducted through purposive sampling. The results indicate that the AR-based module is effective in improving students’ digital literacy, as evidenced by an N-gain score of 0.683 in the experimental class, categorized as moderate. Supporting data from teacher observation sheets and digital literacy questionnaires showed an average achievement of 86.26%, classified as effective. The results of the independent sample t-test revealed a significance value (2-tailed) of less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between the experimental and control classes. Therefore, the AR-integrated molecular shape module is proven to be effective in enhancing students’ digital literacy and contributes to the advancement of technology-based learning that is innovative and responsive to contemporary educational needs.

Analisis Kadar Air Gelatin Kulit Ayam Hasil Ekstraksi Menggunakan Metode Waterbath dan Sonikasi

2025-10-29T08:03:26+08:00

Gelatin is a collagen-derived product widely utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, with moisture content being a critical quality parameter. This study aims to evaluate the effect of extraction methods on the moisture content of gelatin derived from chicken skin, using two different approaches: conventional waterbath and ultrasound-assisted extraction (sonication). The extraction process began with acid hydrolysis using citric acid, followed by waterbath treatment at 65 °C for 10, 20, and 30 minutes, and sonication at a frequency of 47 kHz for 10–50 minutes. Samples with the highest yield from each method (10-minute waterbath and 50-minute sonication) were analyzed for moisture content. The results showed that gelatin obtained via sonication had a moisture content of 9.51 ± 0.70%, while that obtained via waterbath was 10.21 ± 2.15%. A paired t-test yielded a p-value of 0.641, indicating that the difference in moisture content between the two methods was not statistically significant. Both values remain within the acceptable limit set by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 01-3735-1995), which stipulates a maximum moisture content of 16%. Thus, both conventional and sonication methods are capable of producing high-quality gelatin in terms of moisture content, with slightly higher drying efficiency observed in the sonication method.

Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan dari Ekstrak Kubis Ungu (Brassica oleracea)

2025-10-30T10:16:57+08:00

Unhealthy lifestyles and environmental conditions have become key contributors to the increased production of free radicals in the body, which are linked to the development of various degenerative diseases. To counteract these effects, the body requires antioxidant compounds capable of neutralizing free radicals. Brassica oleracea (purple cabbage) is a vegetable known to contain bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids, with potential as natural antioxidants. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of concentrated purple cabbage extract. The DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method was employed, with extraction carried out through maceration using methanol as the solvent. Antioxidant activity was tested at various concentrations to determine the IC₅₀ value. The results showed that purple cabbage extract exhibited moderate antioxidant activity, with an IC₅₀ value of 144.170 mg/L. These findings indicate that purple cabbage holds promise as a natural antioxidant source, with potential applications in functional food and pharmaceutical development.

Strategi Peningkatan Kemampuan Sistem Navigasi Pesawat C-212-200 dalam Operasi Modifikasi Cuaca (Studi Kasus: KTT G20 Bali 2022)

2025-11-01T15:09:10+08:00

This study examines the enhancement of the C-212-200 aircraft’s navigation system capability in supporting Weather Modification Operations (OMC) during the G20 Summit held in Bali in 2022, with a focus on the implementation of the Traffic Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) and Transponder Mode S as part of the system's modernization. The objective of the research is to analyze the effectiveness of integrating these two systems in improving flight safety, situational awareness, and operational efficiency. A descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design was employed, involving technical interviews, field observations, and document analysis within an operational unit of the Indonesian Air Force. The findings indicate that TCAS significantly enhances pilot situational awareness by providing real-time Traffic Advisory (TA) and Resolution Advisory (RA), enabling prompt and accurate conflict avoidance maneuvers. Meanwhile, Transponder Mode S strengthens two-way communication between the aircraft and Air Traffic Control (ATC) through selective interrogation, allowing precise transmission of aircraft position, identification, and altitude data. The integration of both systems has been shown to reduce pilot workload, minimize mid-air collision risk, and improve decision-making effectiveness, especially in high-traffic airspace such as during the G20 Summit. The study also highlights non-technical challenges, particularly the limited readiness of human resources—including avionics technicians and pilots—who require further training in operating and maintaining integrated digital navigation systems. Overall, the modernization of the C-212-200 navigation system through TCAS and Mode S proves effective in supporting non-combat flight operations more safely and efficiently, and represents a strategic step toward civil–military interoperability and digital transformation within the national air defense system.

Efektivitas Kitosan Cangkang Kepiting sebagai Biokoagulan Mikroplastik Polistirena (PS) dalam Air Limbah

2025-11-03T05:53:32+08:00

This study is motivated by the limited research on the use of natural biocoagulants for microplastic removal, despite the significant environmental and human health impacts of this phenomenon. The aim of this research is to analyze the influence of pH variation, chitosan dosage, and settling time on the coagulation effectiveness of polystyrene (PS) microplastics, and to determine the process's optimum conditions. A quantitative method was employed, using PS microplastic solution samples (30 mg/L) treated under varying pH levels (4–10), chitosan doses (10–50 mg/L), and settling times (10–50 minutes). Data were collected through laboratory experiments and analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and stereo microscopy. The results indicate that optimum conditions were achieved at pH 6, with a chitosan dose of 30 mg/L and a settling time of 30 minutes, resulting in microplastic removal efficiency exceeding 90%. These findings support the theory of electrostatic interactions between the amine groups in chitosan and the negatively charged surface of microplastics. The main conclusion is that crab shell-derived chitosan is effective as an environmentally friendly biocoagulant for reducing microplastic content in wastewater. The study contributes to the growing literature on biocoagulation and offers practical recommendations for wastewater treatment managers to adopt sustainable natural coagulants. Moreover, it opens avenues for future research on chitosan-based composites for treating various types of microplastics.

Pengaruh Metode Ekstraksi Sonikasi terhadap Total Flavonoid Content dari Daun Pare (Momordica charantia L.)

2025-11-03T19:18:32+08:00

The use of medicinal plants in Indonesia is still largely based on traditional knowledge passed down through generations, often lacking sufficient scientific validation. Momordica charantia L., a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family, is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its flavonoid content found in the leaves, which exhibits antioxidant, antidiabetic, antirheumatic, and antimicrobial properties. This study aims to determine the effect of sonication on the total flavonoid content of pare (bitter melon) leaves. Extraction was carried out using a sonicator for 60 minutes at 40 °C, with a power of 50 W and a frequency of 40 kHz. The filtrate obtained from the filtration process was then evaporated using a rotary evaporator with 70% ethanol as the solvent. The total flavonoid content was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a maximum wavelength of 431 nm. The results showed that the sonication method produced a total flavonoid content of 159.42 mg QE/g, which is considered high. These findings indicate that sonication is a fast, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction method for obtaining flavonoid compounds from Momordica charantia leaves. This study contributes scientifically to the development of modern green technology-based extraction methods for the utilization of local medicinal plants.

Penerapan Sistem Tata Kerja Maintenance dengan Peninjauan Ulang Equipment Criticality Assessment (ECA), Failure Mode Effect Criticality Assessment (FMECA), dan Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) pada Sebuah Perusahaan Minyak dan Gas Bumi

2025-11-09T20:32:50+08:00

This study examines the effectiveness of implementing the new Maintenance Work System (Sistem Tata Kerja or STK), enforced since 1 November 2024, in an oil and gas company, with a specific focus on the alignment between equipment criticality assessment outcomes and the revised STK requirements. The core issue lies in the potential shift in asset maintenance priorities and strategies due to misclassification of critical equipment, which may compromise operational reliability. The objective of this research is to revalidate the implementation of Equipment Criticality Assessment (ECA), Failure Mode Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA), and Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) to ensure they are applied more effectively and efficiently in accordance with international standards—IEC 60300-3-11, IEC 60812, and ISO 14224.

The methodology includes document analysis of relevant standards, literature review, and criticality assessment of 182 equipment units using the Reliability Block Diagram (RBD) approach and SAP-based classification systems. The results show that turbomachinery, particularly Gas Turbine Compressors (GTC), remain classified as Production Critical Equipment (PCE), while the glycol system, auxiliary compressors, and gas metering units have been reclassified as secondary or supporting assets.

The study recommends strengthening the technical competencies of the maintenance team, applying logic decision tree methodologies in the analytical process, and integrating evaluation outcomes into work scheduling policies and spare parts management. These findings offer practical contributions to the optimization of reliability-based maintenance systems and support more precise technical decision-making in the governance of strategic assets within the oil and gas sector.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Cooperative Team Quiz untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas XI 5 SMAN 8 Denpasar pada Materi Proklamasi Kemerdekaan

2025-11-10T20:55:01+08:00

Numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of cooperative learning models in enhancing academic achievement; however, research specifically addressing the application of the Cooperative Team Quiz (CTQ) model in high school history instruction remains relatively limited. This study aims to implement and evaluate the effectiveness of the CTQ model in improving student learning outcomes on the topic of the Proclamation of Independence. A quantitative approach was employed using a two-cycle Classroom Action Research (CAR) design. The study involved 46 eleventh-grade students (Class XI-5) from SMAN 8 Denpasar, selected through total sampling. Data were collected through learning outcome tests, student activity observations, and documentation, and analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The findings indicate a significant improvement in learning outcomes, with the average score increasing from 73.09 in the pre-cycle to 77.63 in Cycle I and 80.63 in Cycle II. The percentage of students achieving mastery rose from 43.48% in the pre-cycle to 80.43% in Cycle II. These results suggest that the implementation of the CTQ model effectively enhances students' active participation, strengthens group collaboration, and fosters motivation and engagement in history learning. The study concludes that the CTQ model offers a viable, innovative instructional strategy to improve both the process and outcomes of history education. The findings imply that teachers are encouraged to adopt this model as a pedagogical approach aligned with the demands of 21st-century learning. Further research is recommended to examine the model’s effectiveness across different subjects and educational levels to broaden the generalizability of the results.

Manajemen Pembiayaan Pendidikan di Sekolah Menengah Pertama Cokroaminoto Manado

2025-11-15T06:29:32+08:00

Although the management of education financing has been the focus of numerous previous studies, in-depth investigations into its practical implementation at the junior secondary school level remain limited. This study aims to explore the management of education financing at SMP Cokroaminoto Manado, with particular attention to the processes of planning, implementation, and evaluation of school fund utilization. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation during the research period from 6 to 21 May 2024. The primary informants included the Principal and the School Treasurer. The findings reveal that financing plans were developed based on actual data used in the preparation of the Rencana Kegiatan dan Anggaran Sekolah (RKAS). The Dana BOS served as the main funding source, with approximately 50% allocated for payment of honorary teachers, while the remainder supported school operational needs. Due to limitations in Dana BOS, the school relied on committee fund contributions to address budget shortfalls. The implementation phase demonstrated flexibility in adjusting to the school’s priority needs. Evaluation was conducted periodically through supervision, internal audits, and transparent reporting to stakeholders. These findings underscore the importance of data-driven planning and accountable fund management to ensure the effectiveness of education financing at the school level. The study’s implications support the reinforcement of school fund management policies based on transparency and school community participation.

Analisis Pengaruh Kesehatan dan Keselamatan Kerja terhadap Produktivitas Karyawan di PT Mitra Indah Lestari

2025-11-15T20:20:41+08:00

The high rate of workplace accidents in Indonesia indicates that the implementation of occupational health and safety remains a strategic issue in maintaining employee productivity. Although several previous studies have examined the relationship between workplace safety and productivity, the findings have been inconsistent. This study aims to analyze the impact of occupational health and safety implementation on employee productivity at PT Mitra Indah Lestari. A qualitative method with a case study approach was employed. Data were collected through interviews, direct field observations, and a review of relevant literature. The findings demonstrate that a systematically designed occupational health and safety system contributes to creating a safe, comfortable, and supportive work environment that enhances employee well-being. These results indicate that workplace safety functions not only as a preventive measure against accident risks but also as a management strategy to improve human resource effectiveness and promote task flexibility. This study offers practical contributions to corporate policy development by supporting the creation of an integrated safety system aligned with productivity enhancement efforts.

Analisis Pengaruh Sektor Pariwisata terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat Periode 2018–2023

2025-11-15T21:41:16+08:00

The low contribution of the tourism sector to job creation in West Kalimantan Province remains a critical concern within the context of regional economic development. Despite an increase in the number of tourist attractions, suboptimal management has limited the sector’s ability to generate broad-based economic impacts. Furthermore, the concentration of tourism activities in specific areas has constrained the positive effects of rising tourist arrivals. This study aims to analyze the influence of the number of tourist attractions, the number of tourists, and the number of hotels on employment absorption in West Kalimantan Province during the 2018–2023 period. A quantitative approach was employed using time series secondary data analyzed with EViews 13.0 software. The findings reveal that, partially, the number of tourist attractions has a significant and positive effect on employment absorption, while the number of tourists and hotels have no statistically significant effect. However, when assessed simultaneously, all three variables exhibit a positive and significant impact on employment absorption. These results suggest that comprehensive tourism sector development can serve as a key driver for job creation and regional economic growth. The study’s implications underscore the need to optimize the management of tourist attractions, enhance destination promotion, and strengthen collaboration among government, communities, and private stakeholders to broaden the economic impact of the tourism sector in West Kalimantan.

Analisis Kebutuhan Booklet pada Materi Sel dan Transpor Zat melalui Membran untuk Peserta Didik Fase F SMA

2025-11-16T05:19:57+08:00

The topic of cells and substance transport across membranes is a fundamental component of biology instruction for Phase F students, as outlined in the Kurikulum Merdeka. However, the abstract nature of the material—characterized by numerous scientific terms and the inability to be directly observed—often poses challenges for student comprehension. Additionally, limitations in instructional media and teaching materials further hinder the learning process. This study aims to analyze the need for developing a biology booklet as a teaching resource on cell structures and membrane transport mechanisms for Phase F senior high school students. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the Four-D development model, with the current focus on the define phase. The study involved both teachers and Phase F students, with data collected through questionnaires regarding biology learning experiences and interest in educational media. Descriptive-qualitative analysis was conducted to provide an overview of instructional material needs. The results indicate that although students exhibit a high interest in biology, many still struggle to understand the topic of cells and membrane transport. The majority of respondents expressed a need for a booklet as a learning medium to support concept comprehension through visual and systematic presentation. It can therefore be concluded that developing a booklet on this topic is a concrete necessity that may enhance the effectiveness of biology instruction in senior high schools.

Diversifikasi Pangan Olahan Buah Kurma Ajwa (Phoenix dactylifera L.) sebagai Bahan Kombinasi Produk Minuman Cokelat Bermineral

2025-11-19T17:10:05+08:00

Phoenix dactylifera L. is widely available on the market and is generally consumed directly, whereas kurma Ajwa dates have a high nutritional content (water 22.8 g; ash 3.43 g; protein 2.91 g; fat 0.47 g; carbohydrates 70%; dietary fiber 6.5–11.5%; and mineral contents of sodium 7.5 mg/100 g, magnesium 150 mg/100 g, calcium 187 mg/100 g, potassium 476.3 mg/100 g, phosphorus 27 mg/100 g, iron 0.15 mg/100 g, and zinc 0.52 mg/100 g), thus presenting potential as a food source to support the prevention of nutritional problems such as stunting. This study aimed to analyze the effect of adding Ajwa date pulp juice as a form of food diversification on the aroma, color, taste, texture, and mineral content of a chocolate beverage. A quantitative method was employed with varying concentrations of Ajwa date pulp addition of 0 g (control), 5 g, 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, and 25 g, coded as M1 to M6, respectively. The characteristics of the chocolate date beverage were evaluated using a hedonic test for aroma, color, taste, and texture, while the nutritional value (minerals) was analyzed by XRF in the sample most preferred by the panelists. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results show that the inclusion of Ajwa date pulp juice in the chocolate beverage formulation received positive panelist preferences and tended to increase nutritional value, particularly mineral content; M6 was the most preferred product among 25 panelists, and one of the minerals that increased was calcium, from 41.77 in M1 to 42.172 in M6. However, the addition of Ajwa date pulp juice at different concentrations did not produce statistically significant effects on the hedonic test results (aroma, color, taste, and texture) or on the mineral content of the beverage. Thus, varying levels of Ajwa date pulp juice in chocolate beverages can increase mineral levels, although not significantly in statistical terms, and have potential to be utilized as an alternative form of chocolate beverage diversification based on functional foods.

Pengaruh Strategi Bisnis terhadap Kinerja Lembaga Pendidikan Kursus pada English 1 Samarinda

2025-11-20T05:38:42+08:00

Although the influence of business strategy on institutional performance has been widely examined, studies that specifically assess institutional performance using data triangulation, where data validation is conducted through interviews with teaching staff and parents of course participants as institutional performance appraisers remain limited. This study aims to analyze the influence of business strategy on the performance of Lembaga Kursus dan Pelatihan (LKP) English 1 Samarinda. A qualitative approach with a survey and case study design was employed, involving 20 participants selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected using interview instruments and analyzed using descriptive qualitative techniques through the stages of data reduction, data display, and verification. The findings indicate that the business strategy of English 1 Samarinda, developed through the integration of operational management, digital marketing, service digitalization, service standardization, and human resource competency strengthening, has a positive influence on institutional performance. These results contribute to the development of strategic management theory in nonformal educational institutions and broaden understanding of the application of business strategies to improve course institution performance in the Indonesian local context. The study concludes that integrating business strategies that encompass teaching methods, digital marketing, service standards, and human resource competency development is crucial for enhancing the performance of LKP English 1 Samarinda, and recommends that institutional managers strengthen the continuous implementation of these strategies and improve physical facilities to maintain optimal service quality. The implications of this research include theoretical contributions to enriching the strategic management literature on nonformal educational institutions and practical implications for course providers, while also opening opportunities for further exploration of the effects of business strategy in other course institution contexts.

Pengaruh Motivasi Kerja dan Disiplin Kerja terhadap Prestasi Kerja Pegawai di Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan

2025-11-21T06:30:05+08:00

This study aims to analyze the influence of work motivation and work discipline on employees’ job performance at the Social Service Office of Pesisir Selatan Regency. The analysis is grounded in the assumption that motivation and discipline are key factors determining the performance of public sector personnel in realizing organizational effectiveness. The research employed a quantitative approach with a survey design, involving 30 respondents comprising all employees of the Social Service Office of Pesisir Selatan Regency, selected using a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected through a closed-ended questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results show that work motivation has a positive and significant effect on employees’ job performance, and work discipline likewise has a positive and significant effect on job performance. These findings reinforce McClelland’s motivation theory and Hasibuan’s concept of work discipline, and contribute to the development of human resource management scholarship, particularly in the governmental sector. Practically, the study underscores the importance of strengthening employees’ motivation and discipline as a strategic lever to enhance job performance and organizational productivity.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan LKPD Berbasis Problem Based Learning pada Materi Sistem Gerak Fase F SMA

2025-11-21T15:12:26+08:00

Indonesia’s national education system is evolving in line with the implementation of Kurikulum Merdeka, which aims to cultivate students who are faithful, morally upright, and competent, with an emphasis on student-centered learning and the strengthening of 21st-century competencies such as critical thinking. In biology, students often find it difficult to understand complex material such as the locomotor system, thereby necessitating innovative learning media, including Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-based student worksheets (Lembar Kerja Peserta Didik, LKPD). This study aims to analyze students’ needs regarding the development of PBL-based LKPD on the locomotor system topic. The research employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the Four-D model, focusing at this stage on the define phase. The research subjects consisted of one biology teacher and 35 Grade XI students at SMAN 3 Payakumbuh. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to obtain an overall picture of the needs for instructional material development. The teacher questionnaire revealed constraints in time management and suboptimal use of LKPD, while the student questionnaire indicated that the learning media were perceived as less effective, the worksheets were visually unappealing, and the material was overly dense, thereby reducing learning motivation. The locomotor system topic was selected because it is closely related to everyday life and has the potential to foster critical thinking skills. Therefore, the development of PBL-based LKPD on the locomotor system is required to support more active learning, enhance students’ willingness to think, and make the learning process more meaningful for them.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan E-LKPD Berbasis PBL Materi Sistem Pencernaan Makanan SMAN 1 2x11 Enam Lingkung

2025-11-21T15:25:44+08:00

Education is a fundamental human necessity that is essential for personal development and for preparing individuals to face future challenges, including the impact of advances in science and technology on the development of high-quality and intelligent human resources. This study aims to analyze the needs for developing Problem-Based Learning (PBL)-based Electronic Student Worksheets (E-LKPD) on the topic of the human digestive system. It constitutes a preliminary study within the Four-D development model, with research subjects comprising one biology teacher and 31 Grade XI F2 students at SMAN 1 2x11 Enam Lingkung. Data were collected through interviews and observation questionnaires, then analyzed descriptively using both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The results indicate an urgent need for interactive and visual teaching materials; the majority of students (90.3%) require learning resources that are comprehensive, concise, and clear, with strong emphasis on attractive visual elements (74.2%) and linguistic clarity (83.9%). Furthermore, 87.1% of students agreed with the development of PBL-based E-LKPD as a solution. The study concludes that the development of PBL-based E-LKPD is necessary to transform learning from passive to active. Practical and flexible E-LKPD, when combined with the PBL model, has the potential to effectively foster critical thinking and problem-solving skills. The implication is that E-LKPD should be designed with multimedia features (videos/images) capable of visualizing abstract concepts in accordance with the E-LKPD design framework, thereby supporting active, contextual biology learning that is aligned with the demands of twenty-first-century education.