MASALIQ

Permainan Tradisional sebagai Strategi Pembelajaran Penjas Berbasis Kearifan Lokal pada Mahasiswa PGSD

2026-06-01T17:38:26+08:00

Although traditional games have been widely studied in the context of physical education in elementary schools, studies that specifically discuss their use in Physical Education learning among PGSD students remain limited. This study aims to analyze the relevance of traditional games as a Physical Education learning strategy in PGSD, particularly in developing motor skills, pedagogical competence, character values, and the preservation of local wisdom. This study used a qualitative approach with a structured literature review design. Data sources were obtained from curriculum documents, PJOK learning guidelines, physical activity recommendations, and scientific articles relevant to traditional games, physical education, and learning in elementary schools. Data were collected through documentation techniques and analyzed using content analysis by grouping the findings into the themes of curricular relevance, learning benefits, implementation strategies, and implementation challenges. The findings show that traditional games are relevant for use as a contextual, active, enjoyable, and culture-based Physical Education learning strategy. Traditional games support the development of locomotor, non-locomotor, and manipulative movements, coordination, balance, cooperation, sportsmanship, responsibility, and the ability of PGSD students to design PJOK learning that aligns with the characteristics of elementary school students. These findings contribute to the development of studies on physical education based on local wisdom and broaden understanding of the importance of integrating traditional games into the education of prospective elementary school teachers. The conclusion of the study affirms that traditional games play an important role in Physical Education learning in PGSD because they are able to connect aspects of movement, pedagogy, character, and culture. The implications of the study include theoretical contributions to the development of literature on Physical Education based on local culture, as well as practical implications for PGSD study programs, lecturers, and prospective teachers in designing PJOK learning that is contextual, inclusive, inexpensive, safe, and aligned with the needs of elementary school students.

Keterlibatan Orang Tua dalam Mengembangkan Empati dan Keterampilan Sosial Anak Usia Dini di Era Digital

2026-06-02T06:21:20+08:00

The development of empathy and social skills in early childhood is an important aspect in forming social-emotional abilities as a foundation for children’s future lives. However, the development of these two aspects faces various challenges, such as reduced social interaction due to gadget use and declining quality of interaction between children and parents. This study aims to analyze the forms of parental involvement and their implications for the development of empathy and social skills in early childhood at KB Kasih Bunda. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research subjects consisted of parents, teachers, and early childhood children selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the interactive model of Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results show that parental involvement is manifested through positive communication, emotional attention, assistance in children’s activities, modeling of social behavior, and habituation of prosocial attitudes. This involvement has implications for the development of children’s empathy, as shown through behaviors such as helping friends, showing concern, and comforting friends who are sad. In addition, children’s social skills develop through the ability to cooperate, share, communicate, and resolve simple conflicts. The conclusion of the study affirms that parental involvement plays an important role in supporting the development of empathy and social skills in early childhood. The implications of this study provide theoretical contributions to the development of early childhood education studies, particularly in the social-emotional aspect, as well as practical implications for parents, teachers, and early childhood education institutions in building family-school synergy to create an environment that optimally supports children’s social-emotional development.

Kemampuan Level Representasi Kimia Murid Kelas X pada Materi Hukum-Hukum Dasar Kimia

2026-06-05T19:54:11+08:00

The ability to use chemical representation levels is important in helping students understand chemistry concepts comprehensively through the interconnection of macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representations. The Basic Laws of Chemistry is a fundamental topic that requires students to be able to connect these three levels of representation; however, students still experience difficulties, especially in understanding concepts at the particle or microscopic level. This study aims to describe the chemical representation level ability of Grade X students on the topic of the Basic Laws of Chemistry at SMA Negeri 9 Pekanbaru. This study used a quantitative descriptive approach with a survey design. The research sample consisted of 102 students from classes X-5, X-6, and X-7, selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected using a written essay test consisting of 15 items and covering three levels of chemical representation, namely macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic. The data were analyzed descriptively and quantitatively by calculating the percentage of students’ ability at each level of representation. The results showed that students’ overall chemical representation level ability was in the good category, with an average percentage of 75%. Symbolic representation ability obtained the highest percentage, at 78%, in the good category, followed by macroscopic representation at 76% in the good category and microscopic representation at 70% in the good category. These findings indicate that students more easily understand chemistry concepts in the form of symbols and calculations than abstract concepts at the particle level. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that students’ microscopic representation ability still needs to be improved so that the interconnection among macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representations can be formed more optimally in chemistry learning.

Kemampuan Literasi Sains Kimia dan Hubungannya dengan Prestasi Belajar Murid Kelas X pada Materi Hukum – Hukum Dasar Kimia

2026-06-05T20:03:07+08:00

Scientific literacy is an important competence in chemistry learning because it supports students in understanding concepts, applying scientific knowledge, and interpreting phenomena rationally. However, the relationship between chemical scientific literacy and students’ learning achievement on the topic of the Basic Laws of Chemistry still needs to be examined empirically. This study aims to describe chemical scientific literacy, students’ learning achievement, and analyze the relationship between chemical scientific literacy and learning achievement on the topic of the Basic Laws of Chemistry at SMAN 5 Pekanbaru. This study used a correlational quantitative approach with a survey method. The research sample consisted of 98 Grade XI students selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through a chemical scientific literacy test based on PISA scientific literacy dimensions and documentation of learning achievement scores, then analyzed using descriptive statistics and the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results showed that students’ chemical scientific literacy was in the high category, with an average score of 79.63, whereas learning achievement was in the good category, with an average score of 87.57. The correlation test results showed a positive and significant relationship between chemical scientific literacy and students’ learning achievement (r_s = 0.537; p < 0.001). These findings indicate that the higher students’ chemical scientific literacy, the higher the learning achievement attained on the topic of the Basic Laws of Chemistry. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of strengthening scientific literacy in chemistry learning to support conceptual understanding and improve learning achievement. The implications of this study provide practical contributions for chemistry teachers in designing learning oriented toward the development of scientific literacy and the achievement of more optimal learning outcomes.

Peran Literasi Digital dan Literasi AI dalam Mendukung Technology-Enhanced Learning pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Makassar

2026-06-06T19:00:49+08:00

The development of digital technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has driven the transformation of learning in higher education through the Technology-Enhanced Learning (TEL) approach. However, the successful implementation of TEL is determined not only by the availability of technology but also by students’ ability to use technology effectively. This study aims to analyze the role of Digital Literacy and AI Literacy in supporting Technology-Enhanced Learning among Economic Education students at Universitas Negeri Makassar. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design. The research sample consisted of 90 students selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed using multiple linear regression with the assistance of the JASP application. The results showed that all instruments were valid and reliable, and the data met the assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity. Partially, Digital Literacy and AI Literacy had positive and significant effects on Technology-Enhanced Learning. Simultaneously, both variables also had a significant effect on Technology-Enhanced Learning, with a coefficient of determination of 34.5%. Digital Literacy had a more dominant effect than AI Literacy. The conclusion of this study affirms that improving students’ digital and AI competencies is an important factor in supporting the effectiveness of technology-based learning. The implications of this study provide practical contributions for higher education institutions in strengthening digital literacy and AI literacy through curriculum development and learning strategies that are adaptive to technological transformation.

Pengembangan dan Evaluasi Kepraktisan E-Modul Manajemen Koperasi Berbasis Studi Kasus untuk Mahasiswa Pendidikan Ekonomi

2026-06-06T19:12:09+08:00

Cooperative Management learning in higher education still faces challenges in connecting theoretical concepts with real problems encountered by cooperatives, while the availability of contextual digital learning resources aligned with the characteristics of Economic Education students remains limited. This study aims to develop and evaluate the practicality of a case-study-based Cooperative Management e-module for Economic Education students. This study used the Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE model, which includes the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The research subjects consisted of two expert validators and five Economic Education students as users in a small-group trial. Data were collected through validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, and documentation, then analyzed descriptively and quantitatively using percentages. The results showed that the developed e-module obtained a material validity level of 92.00% and a media validity level of 93.00%, both in the very valid category. The practicality test results showed a percentage of 92.50% in the very practical category. This e-module was able to support contextual learning, increase student engagement, and help students analyze cooperative cases more systematically. The conclusion of this study affirms that the case-study-based Cooperative Management e-module is feasible for use as a digital learning resource in Cooperative Management learning. The implications of this study indicate that the development of technology- and case-study-based learning resources can serve as an innovative alternative to improve the quality of Economic Education learning in higher education.

Effect of Polyol Synthesis Parameters on Particle Size and Crystal Size of ZnO: A Systematic Review

2026-06-10T04:56:54+08:00

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are semiconductor oxide materials that have been widely developed because of their high chemical stability, relatively low synthesis cost, and broad potential applications in photocatalysis, sensors, pigments, catalysts, optical materials, and nanofluid systems. Particle size and crystallite size are critical parameters because they directly influence surface area, crystallinity, morphology, charge transfer, and the functional performance of ZnO. This study aims to examine the effects of synthesis parameters in the polyol method on the particle size and crystallite size of ZnO-based nanomaterials through a systematic literature review. Relevant literature published between 2021 and 2026 was collected from Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using Boolean search strategies. The selected articles were screened based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria and analyzed using a descriptive-comparative approach. The review findings indicate that the polyol method influences the morphostructural characteristics of ZnO through several synthesis variables, including the type of polyol, precursor ratio, water content, base concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, surfactants, stabilizers, and post-synthesis treatment. Ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol tend to support the formation of ZnO with smaller crystallite size and more controlled morphology, whereas prolonged reaction time and high-temperature calcination may increase crystal growth. In addition, doping and the use of surfactants can restrict crystal growth and reduce agglomeration. This review concludes that the polyol method is effective for controlling the particle size and crystallite size of ZnO; however, simultaneous optimization of synthesis parameters is required to obtain ZnO nanomaterials with morphostructural characteristics suitable for functional applications.

Pengaruh Parameter Green Sintesis TiO₂ Berbasis Metode Solvotermal terhadap Ukuran Partikel dan Ukuran Kristal: A Systematic Review

2026-06-10T06:01:04+08:00

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a semiconductor material widely used in photocatalysis, sensor, energy conversion, and environmental remediation applications because its performance is strongly influenced by structural characteristics, particularly particle size, crystal size, morphology, and crystal phase. This systematic review aims to analyze the influence of green synthesis parameters based on the solvothermal method on the particle size and crystal size of TiO₂. Articles were collected from the Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases within the 2021–2025 publication range using combinations of Boolean keywords related to solvothermal synthesis, TiO₂, and green synthesis. Article selection was conducted based on inclusion and exclusion criteria emphasizing original research articles, the use of the solvothermal method, a green synthesis approach, and the availability of material characterization data. The review results showed that four articles met the inclusion criteria, with variations in TiO₂ particle size ranging from 25.41 to 100 nm and crystal size ranging from 0.96 to 31.9 nm. Parameters such as precursor type, solvent, green extract, solvothermal temperature, and processing time played important roles in regulating nucleation, crystal growth, surface stabilization, and particle agglomeration. The smallest particle size was obtained in the titanium isopropoxide–deionized water–banana peel system at 100 °C, whereas modified systems such as Ag-doped TiO₂ and TiO₂@g-C₃N₄ showed that application performance is determined not only by particle size but also by electronic engineering and interface structure. The conclusion of this review affirms that the optimization of green solvothermal synthesis of TiO₂ needs to be directed toward integrated control of particle size, crystal size, crystal phase, morphology, and application performance. The implications of this review contribute to the development of more targeted, efficient, and relevant green TiO₂ synthesis for sustainable functional material applications.

Application of Statistical Analysis in Information Systems to Support Data-Driven Decision Making: A Literature Study

2026-06-11T09:36:58+08:00

Although information systems are increasingly used to support organizational decision processes, understanding of how statistical analysis is applied within these systems and how it contributes to decision quality remains limited. This study aims to examine the application of statistical analysis in information systems to support data-driven decision making. Using a literature review approach, this study analyzes relevant scientific articles on statistical analysis, information systems, business intelligence, decision support systems, and data-driven decision making. The findings indicate that statistical analysis plays a central role in transforming data into meaningful information through descriptive analysis, correlation, regression, prediction, classification, and data visualization. Its integration into information systems enables organizations to understand actual conditions, identify patterns, estimate trends, and formulate more objective decision recommendations. This study concludes that the integration of statistical analysis in information systems can improve evidence-based, measurable, and organizationally relevant decision making. The study contributes to the literature by clarifying the analytical role of statistical methods in information systems and provides practical implications for organizations seeking to strengthen decision quality through data-driven approaches.

Optimalisasi Calming Corner untuk Meningkatkan Kemandirian Emosional Anak dalam Kurikulum PAUD

2026-06-11T09:53:09+08:00

Although Calming Corner has begun to be used in early childhood education practice, in-depth studies on its role in supporting children’s emotional stability at school remain limited. This study aims to examine the role and strategies for utilizing Calming Corner as a means of supporting children’s emotional independence in the current early childhood education curriculum. This study used a library research method by reviewing fifteen scientific literature sources published in the last five years. The results of the review show that the most effective arrangement of Calming Corner is an integrated model that combines the Montessori principle of order, the flexibility of the Kaizen method, and the support of modern sensory teaching aids. The findings also reveal a shift in the function of Calming Corner, from merely a classroom display element to a recovery space that helps children recognize their own condition and calm themselves independently. The conclusion of this study affirms that Calming Corner serves as a “second teacher” that supports a shift in classroom management approaches, from strict external supervision toward the development of children’s internal self-regulation. Theoretically, this review enriches the literature on calming learning environments, while practically, it provides guidance for teachers in integrating a non-punitive emotional pause space into KOSP documents. These findings imply the strengthening of educational practices that care for children’s mental health and support the realization of the independent Profil Pelajar Pancasila.

Potensi Senyawa Bioaktif Pegagan (Centella asiatica) sebagai Antigastritis melalui Pendekatan In Silico

2026-06-17T09:58:38+08:00

Gastritis is an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa with a high prevalence in Indonesia and worldwide, while the long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs, such as Omeprazole, has the potential to cause side effects, making safer natural alternatives necessary. This study aims to evaluate the antigastritis potential of ten phytochemical compounds of Centella asiatica through an in silico approach using the molecular docking method against the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase target (PDB ID: 3IX3). This study included protein preparation, ligand preparation, docking validation through redocking, molecular docking analysis, and ADMET prediction using AutoDock Vina, SwissADME, and ProTox-II. The results show that asiaticoside, quadranoside, madecassic acid, and epicatechin had good binding affinity and stable interactions at the active site of the protein. Several compounds also showed good pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The conclusion of this study affirms that the phytochemical compounds of Centella asiatica have potential as candidates for natural antigastritis agents through the mechanism of inhibiting the H⁺/K⁺-ATPase target. The implications of this study provide an initial basis for the development of natural product-based drug candidates and open opportunities for further research through in vitro and in vivo tests to validate their effectiveness and safety.

Ekstraksi dan Karakterisasi Gelatin dari Kulit Ayam dengan Praperlakuan Asam Sitrat

2026-06-18T20:40:53+08:00

Although many studies have been conducted on gelatin from poultry waste, research that specifically discusses the characterization of chicken skin gelatin extracted using citric acid pretreatment and water bath heating remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics and molecular structure of broiler chicken skin gelatin extracted with 1.3% citric acid pretreatment. This study used a laboratory experimental approach. Data were collected through tests of yield, moisture content, ash content, pH, viscosity, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis, and were then analyzed descriptively and compared with gelatin quality standards. The results show that chicken skin gelatin had a yield of 11.73%, moisture content of 9.21%, ash content of 2.84%, pH of 7.35, and viscosity of 3.23 cP. All of these parameters met the gelatin quality standards based on SNI, while the viscosity and pH values remained within the GMIA standard range. FTIR analysis showed the presence of Amide A at 3280 cm⁻¹, Amide I at 1631 cm⁻¹, Amide II at 1533 cm⁻¹, and Amide III at 1239 cm⁻¹, indicating the transformation of collagen into gelatin. The conclusion of this study affirms that extraction using 1.3% citric acid pretreatment and the water bath method can produce chicken skin gelatin with good physicochemical characteristics. The implications of this study indicate the potential of broiler chicken skin as an alternative halal gelatin source that can be developed to support the value-added utilization of poultry waste.

Potensi Kulit Tuna (Thunnus sp.) sebagai Sumber Gelatin melalui Pretreatment Asam Kandis dan Ultrasonikasi

2026-06-19T19:23:50+08:00

Although gelatin extraction from tuna skin has been widely studied, the use of asam kandis as a natural acid combined with ultrasonic bath assistance remains limited. This study aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics and functional groups of tuna skin gelatin extracted using asam kandis and an ultrasonic bath. This study employed a quantitative approach with a laboratory experimental design. The extraction process included pretreatment using 0.1 M NaOH for 2 hours, soaking in an asam kandis solution at pH 2.4 for 1 hour, and extraction using an ultrasonic bath at 55 °C for 90 minutes. The data were analyzed through tests of yield, moisture content, ash content, fat content, pH, viscosity, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis. The results showed that the gelatin produced had a yield of 12.45%, moisture content of 10.14%, ash content of 1.62%, fat content of 1.46%, pH of 6.51, and viscosity of 1.99 cP, thereby meeting gelatin quality standards. FTIR analysis identified characteristic gelatin absorption bands at wavenumbers of 3278 cm⁻¹ (Amide A), 1633 cm⁻¹ (Amide I), 1531 cm⁻¹ (Amide II), and 1243 cm⁻¹ (Amide III). These findings indicate that the combination of asam kandis and an ultrasonic bath can produce tuna skin gelatin with good physicochemical characteristics and has the potential to be developed as an alternative to commercial gelatin.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Kulit Ikan Marlin (Makaira nigricans) sebagai Sumber Gelatin dengan Pretreatment Asam Kandis

2026-06-24T09:06:12+08:00

Marlin fish skin is a by-product of the fisheries industry that contains collagen and has the potential to be utilized as an alternative gelatin raw material, but its utilization through natural acid-based pretreatment and ultrasonically assisted extraction remains limited. This study aims to evaluate the utilization of marlin fish skin waste as a source of gelatin through kandis acid pretreatment and ultrasonically assisted extraction. This study used an experimental method with pretreatment stages using kandis acid, followed by extraction using an ultrasonic bath. The resulting gelatin was analyzed based on yield, physicochemical properties, and functional groups using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of the study show that marlin fish skin gelatin produced a yield of 9.20%, moisture content of 9.91%, ash content of 0.49%, fat content of 1.99%, pH of 6.56, viscosity of 2.33 cP, melting point of 21°C, and gel point of 3°C. The moisture content, ash content, fat content, pH, and viscosity values met the quality requirements of SNI 06-3735-1995 and GMIA (2019). FTIR analysis identified Amide A bands at 3275 cm⁻¹, Amide I at 1632 cm⁻¹, Amide II at 1530 cm⁻¹, and Amide III at 1242 cm⁻¹, indicating similarity to standard gelatin. The conclusion of the study affirms that marlin fish skin waste can be utilized as a source of gelatin through kandis acid pretreatment and ultrasonically assisted extraction, with physicochemical characteristics that meet quality requirements. These findings have implications for developing the utilization of fisheries by-products as value-added alternative gelatin raw materials and have the potential to support the development of commercial gelatin products.

Analisis Biochemical Oksigen Demand (BOD) pada Sampel Air Sungai Konsumen Menggunakan Metode Winkler di UPTD Laboratorium Lingkungan Kota Pariaman

2026-06-24T09:18:27+08:00

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is an important parameter in water quality assessment because it indicates the amount of dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms to biologically degrade organic compounds. This study aims to analyze BOD values in river water samples in Pariaman City as an indicator of the level of organic pollution in aquatic environments. Testing was conducted using the BOD method by measuring dissolved oxygen (DO) levels on day 0 and day 5 after incubation at 20 ± 1 °C. The analyzed samples consisted of three sample codes, namely S.186, S.187, and S.188. The test results showed that all samples experienced a decrease in DO levels after five days of incubation. The BOD values obtained were 2.84 mg/L in sample S.186, 1.95 mg/L in sample S.187, and 3.28 mg/L in sample S.188, respectively. The highest BOD value was found in sample S.188, indicating a higher organic matter content than the other samples. The quality control results showed that the blank, mineral-free water, glucose-glutamate standard, and percentage Relative Percent Difference (%RPD) met the method requirements, so the test data were declared valid. The conclusion of the study shows that the water quality of the analyzed samples was in the low to moderate pollution category. These findings have implications as supporting data in the evaluation of river water quality through environmental laboratory testing and as a basis for periodic water quality monitoring.

Deskripsi Model Mental Peserta Didik pada Sub Topik Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Laju Reaksi di Kelas XI SMAN 12 Padang

2026-06-29T07:31:20+08:00

Although understanding the concept of reaction rate in chemistry learning does not depend only on memorization ability but also on students’ mental models in connecting macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic representations, students still often experience difficulty in comprehensively understanding the factors that affect reaction rates. This study aims to describe students’ mental models regarding the factors that affect reaction rates. This study used a qualitative method involving 30 eleventh-grade students of SMAN 12 Padang as research subjects. Data were collected using an essay test instrument covering two main topics, namely the concept of the factors that affect reaction rates, including concentration, surface area, temperature, and catalysts, as well as the application of these concepts in the form of curves and images. The data were analyzed by categorizing students’ answers into three mental model categories, namely initial (I), synthetic (ST), and scientific (SC) mental models. The results showed that students were better able to explain concepts at the macroscopic representation level than at the submicroscopic and symbolic levels. Students’ mental models regarding the factors that affect reaction rates were dominated by initial mental models at 48%, followed by scientific mental models at 28% and synthetic mental models at 24%. In addition, the relationship between chemical representations and students’ mental model categories showed a pattern that was almost aligned with the characteristics of the chemical representations possessed by the students. These findings confirm that mental model analysis is important for identifying students’ level of conceptual understanding and potential misconceptions in learning reaction rates. The implications of this study contribute to the development of chemistry learning strategies that place greater emphasis on the integration of macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic representations.

Makna Menyendiri pada Individu Introvert di Masa Remaja dan Dewasa Awal

2026-06-30T07:04:50+08:00

Although introverted personality has been widely examined in psychological research, studies that specifically discuss the subjective meaning of solitude among adolescents and young adults with introverted tendencies remain limited. Previous studies have tended to focus on patterns of social interaction, loneliness, and psychological well-being through quantitative approaches. This study aims to explore the meaning of solitude among individuals with introverted tendencies during adolescence and early adulthood. This study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design, involving three participants aged 18–20 years who were selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and field notes, and were then analyzed using phenomenological analysis techniques. The results showed that solitude was interpreted as a positive psychological need because it functions as a means of self-reflection, emotional regulation, and energy recovery after social interaction. The experience of solitude was influenced by internal factors in the form of emotional fatigue and external factors in the form of unpleasant social experiences. However, excessive solitude has the potential to cause loneliness and a tendency toward overthinking. These findings contribute to the development of studies on personality psychology and psychological well-being by emphasizing that solitude can be understood as an adaptive strategy, rather than merely a form of maladaptive social withdrawal. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of a balance between time spent in solitude and social interaction in maintaining the psychological well-being of individuals with introverted tendencies.

Pengembangan Instrumen Tes Esai untuk Mengukur Model Mental Peserta Didik pada Materi Ikatan Kimia

2026-06-30T07:12:28+08:00

As abstract subject matter, chemical bonding requires an understanding of submicroscopic concepts that cannot be observed directly, thereby potentially causing misconceptions among students. This understanding can be examined through mental models; however, instruments specifically designed to measure them in chemical bonding topics remain limited. This study aims to produce a valid essay test instrument for measuring students’ mental models in chemical bonding topics. This study used the Plomp development model up to the prototype III stage. Instrument validity was analyzed using Aiken’s V formula with the validity criterion of V ≥ 0.9. The study was conducted at the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, involving three Chemistry lecturers from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Padang, as expert validators, two senior high school chemistry teachers at the needs analysis stage, and six Grade XI students of SMAN 14 Padang at the individual evaluation stage. The results showed an average Aiken’s V value of 0.93, with details of 0.91 for the content component, 0.91 for the construct component, and 0.97 for the language component, all of which were categorized as valid. At the individual evaluation stage, six students gave an average score of 4.26 out of 5.00, or 85%, indicating a highly positive response. The developed instrument integrates three levels of chemical representation, namely macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic, and is equipped with a scoring rubric based on three categories of mental models, namely Scientific Model, Synthesis Model, and Initial Model. The conclusion of this study confirms that the developed essay test instrument is valid for measuring students’ mental models in chemical bonding topics. These findings contribute to the development of chemistry assessment instruments oriented toward conceptual understanding and can be used as a basis for evaluating learning in abstract subject matter.

Pengaruh Konsentrasi Oksidasi NaIO4 dan NaCIO terhadap Pembentukan Gugus Karbonil pada Permukaan Selulosa sebagai Adsorben untuk Adsorpsi Logam Pb(SO4)

2026-06-30T07:22:42+08:00

Heavy metal pollution, particularly lead (Pb), has become an urgent environmental issue, thereby requiring the development of effective and sustainable adsorbent materials. Cellulose, as a natural biopolymer, has potential as an adsorbent, but its adsorption capacity remains limited due to the low number of active groups on its surface. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sodium periodate (NaIO₄) and sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) concentrations on the formation of carbonyl groups in cellulose as a prospective adsorbent for Pb ions. This study used a laboratory experimental method by modifying cellulose through variations in NaIO₄ concentrations of 0.01 M and 0.02 M, followed by an oxidation process using NaClO. The modified products were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify changes in functional groups after the oxidation process. The FTIR analysis results showed the presence of an absorption peak at a wavenumber of 1641 cm⁻¹, indicating the formation of carbonyl groups (C=O), as well as absorption peaks at 3333.9 cm⁻¹ and 1030 cm⁻¹, which respectively indicated the presence of O–H and C–O groups characteristic of cellulose. Increasing the oxidant concentration resulted in a higher carbonyl peak intensity, indicating an increased degree of oxidation on the cellulose surface. Thus, cellulose modification using NaIO₄ and NaClO was proven to increase the number of active groups on the cellulose surface. These findings contribute to the development of environmentally friendly biomass-based adsorbent materials with potential use for the adsorption of heavy metal ions, particularly Pb.

Studi In Silico Turunan Imidazopirimidin sebagai Agen Antikanker Payudara terhadap Protein ER-α, ADMET, dan Drug-Likeness

2026-06-30T20:48:30+08:00

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of global mortality, requiring the development of new therapeutic agents that are more effective and selective. This study aims to evaluate the potential of 20 imidazopyrimidine derivative compounds as candidate selective inhibitors of Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ER-α). This study used an in silico approach that included molecular docking using MOE 2019.0102 software with ER-α target protein (PDB ID: 3ERT), followed by drug-likeness screening based on Lipinski’s Rule of Five and prediction of the ADMET pharmacokinetic profile through the SwissADME and pKCSM web servers. The molecular docking results showed that Compound 15 had the strongest binding affinity, with a docking score (S) of -11.94 kcal/mol and a Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) value of 0.7 Å, better than the control ligand 4-hydroxytamoxifen (S = -11.1 kcal/mol; RMSD = 1.8 Å). Other potential compounds that showed high affinity were Compound 13 (S = -11.20 kcal/mol) and Compound 1 (S = -10.88 kcal/mol). The ligand-protein complex was stabilized by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and pi-sulfur interactions in the receptor’s active pocket. Physicochemical prediction showed that most compounds met Lipinski’s Rule of Five criteria for oral drug candidates and had good ADMET solubility, permeability, and elimination profiles without indications of hepatotoxicity. The conclusion of this study affirms that imidazopyrimidine derivatives, particularly Compounds 15, 13, and 1, have potential as candidate ER-α-targeted breast anticancer agents. These findings provide an initial contribution to the development of breast anticancer therapy candidates and need to be followed up through experimental in vitro and in vivo studies.

Analisis Kemampuan Mahasiswa PGSD dalam Merancang Pembelajaran Berdiferensiasi di Sekolah Dasar

2026-07-03T21:43:18+08:00

The diversity of elementary school students’ characteristics requires prospective teachers to have the ability to design instruction that is responsive to students’ learning needs. This study aims to analyze the ability of Primary School Teacher Education (PGSD) students to design differentiated instruction in elementary schools. This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive method. The research participants consisted of 80 PGSD students who had taken courses in instructional planning, learning strategies, or microteaching. Data were collected through questionnaires and assessment sheets for differentiated instructional designs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics in the form of frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. The results showed that PGSD students’ ability to design differentiated instruction was in the high category, with an overall mean of 72.11. The highest ability was found in the aspect of formulating learning objectives, while the lowest ability was found in the aspect of designing learning assessments. These findings indicate that students already have a sound pedagogical foundation but still require strengthening in developing product differentiation and assessments that are appropriate to students’ characteristics. The conclusion of this study affirms the importance of strengthening differentiated instructional planning competence for prospective elementary school teachers. The implications of this study include strengthening the courses of instructional planning, learning evaluation, and microteaching so that they are more integrated with differentiated instructional practices relevant to students’ needs.

Efektivitas E-LKPD Hidrokarbon Berbasis Problem Based Learning terhadap Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Kelas X SMK SMTI Padang

2026-07-04T07:34:33+08:00

Although the use of electronic Student Worksheets (e-LKPD) and the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model has been widely studied, research that specifically analyzes the effectiveness of PBL-based hydrocarbon e-LKPD that has been declared valid and practical on the learning outcomes of vocational high school students remains limited. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of PBL-based hydrocarbon e-LKPD on the learning outcomes of Grade X students at SMK SMTI Padang. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design involving 70 students selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a multiple-choice test instrument administered through pretests and posttests, and then analyzed using descriptive statistics, prerequisite tests, N-Gain analysis, and Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The results showed that the mean posttest score of the experimental class was 83.69, which was higher than that of the control class, which was 62.74. The experimental class obtained an N-Gain score of 0.76 in the high category, while the control class obtained an N-Gain score of 0.39 in the moderate category. The ANCOVA results showed that the use of PBL-based hydrocarbon e-LKPD had a significant effect on students’ learning outcomes after controlling for initial ability (F = 82.439; p < 0.001). These findings contribute to the development of technology-based chemistry learning and expand understanding of the effectiveness of digital learning media integrated with PBL in vocational education. The conclusion of this study affirms that PBL-based hydrocarbon e-LKPD is effective in improving students’ learning outcomes. The implications of this study include theoretical contributions to the development of digital chemistry learning literature and practical implications for teachers and schools in implementing interactive learning media that are relevant to vocational learning needs.

Efektivitas LKPD Hidrolisis Garam Berbasis Guided Discovery Learning Terintegrasi Etnosains terhadap Hasil Belajar Murid Fase F SMA

2026-07-09T14:46:08+08:00

Students’ learning outcomes in salt hydrolysis material remain relatively low because learning has not fully linked chemistry concepts to real life and local culture, while the effectiveness of ethnoscience-integrated Guided Discovery Learning (GDL)-based Salt Hydrolysis LKPD on students’ learning outcomes has not yet been tested. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ethnoscience-integrated GDL-based Salt Hydrolysis LKPD on the learning outcomes of Phase F senior high school students. This study used a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method and a pretest-posttest non-equivalent design. The research sample consisted of two classes selected through purposive sampling, namely the experimental class XI F8, which used ethnoscience-integrated GDL-based LKPD, and the control class XI F6, which used the school’s LKPD. Data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests using 20 salt hydrolysis questions and were then analyzed using the N-gain test, normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis testing with the assistance of SPSS. The results show that the average N-gain score of the experimental class was 0.77, categorized as high, while that of the control class was 0.64, categorized as moderate. The hypothesis test results obtained a significance value of 0.003 (< 0.05), so H₀ was rejected and H₁ was accepted. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that ethnoscience-integrated GDL-based Salt Hydrolysis LKPD is more effective in improving students’ learning outcomes than the LKPD used at school. These findings contribute to the development of chemistry teaching materials that integrate guided discovery models and ethnoscience contexts and provide practical implications for teachers in designing more contextual and meaningful chemistry learning.

Analisis Kebutuhan Pengembangan E-Modul dengan Pendekatan Universal Design For Learning (UDL) pada Materi Jamur untuk Siswa Inklusi Tingkat SMA

2026-07-10T16:17:49+08:00

Although the development of inclusive teaching materials and the Universal Design for Learning approach has received attention in various studies, studies that specifically discuss needs analysis for developing Universal Design for Learning-based e-modules on fungi material for senior high school students in inclusive classes remain limited. This study aims to analyze the need for developing an e-module using the Universal Design for Learning approach on fungi material for inclusive senior high school students. This study used a descriptive approach with a mixed methods design, involving one biology teacher and 34 students in one inclusive class at SMAN 9 Padang, selected through a combination of purposive sampling and total sampling techniques. Data were collected through teacher interview sheets, learning style identification questionnaires, and teaching material development needs analysis questionnaires, then analyzed descriptively using qualitative-quantitative methods. The results show that most students had mixed or multimodal learning styles at 53%, followed by kinesthetic learning styles at 20%, visual learning styles at 18%, and auditory learning styles at 9%. Students experienced difficulties in understanding fungi material because of less effective learning processes, limited relevant and applicable teaching materials, and the abstract and complex characteristics of the material. Teachers’ learning strategies, which were still dominated by lecture methods and group discussion-presentations, also had not fully accommodated the diversity of students’ learning needs. In addition, students needed electronic teaching materials that were more contextual and based on real phenomena. The conclusion of this study affirms the importance of accommodating the diversity of learning styles and special needs of students in designing biology teaching materials for inclusive classes. The implications of this study include theoretical contributions to the development of inclusive education literature and Universal Design for Learning-based teaching material design, as well as practical implications for teachers and curriculum developers in designing e-modules that are more responsive to the diversity of students’ learning needs.

Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) Berbasis Analytic Network Process (ANP) Desa Sepang Kelod

2026-07-10T16:32:12+08:00

The Family Hope Program is one of the government social assistance programs aimed at helping underprivileged communities. However, the process of determining recipients of Family Hope Program assistance in Sepang Kelod Village is still carried out manually through deliberation or village meetings, which has the potential to create subjectivity in decision-making. This study aims to design and implement a Decision Support System for Family Hope Program assistance recipients using the Analytic Network Process method. This study developed a web-based system used to manage community data and conduct the eligibility calculation process for prospective assistance recipients based on ten predetermined assessment criteria. The calculations were performed using Super Decisions software to determine criterion weights and the priority of alternative assistance recipients. The results show that the developed Decision Support System was able to generate rankings of prospective Family Hope Program assistance recipients based on scores from the calculation process using the Analytic Network Process method. This method was able to produce priority alternatives for assistance recipients more systematically based on the weight of each criterion. The conclusion of this study affirms that the implementation of a web-based Decision Support System using the Analytic Network Process method can assist Sepang Kelod Village officials in determining Family Hope Program assistance recipients more objectively, efficiently, and based on data. The implications of this study show the importance of utilizing decision-making technology to improve the accuracy, transparency, and accountability of social assistance management at the village level.

Pengembangan Instrumen Angket Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kesulitan Belajar Siswa pada Materi Asam Basa Kelas XI Fase F SMA

2026-07-10T16:45:24+08:00

Chemistry learning difficulties are a problem frequently experienced by students because chemistry material requires conceptual understanding and the ability to connect macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representations. This condition is influenced by various internal and external factors, making a valid and reliable questionnaire instrument necessary to accurately identify the factors causing learning difficulties. This study aims to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire instrument on the factors causing students’ learning difficulties in acid-base material. This study used the Research and Development method by adapting the eight steps of scale development according to DeVellis, including construct determination, item statement development, measurement format determination, content validation, instrument revision, empirical testing, item evaluation, and scale length determination. The content validity of the instrument was assessed by five chemistry education expert lecturers using Aiken’s V index, while empirical validity was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation and reliability using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient. The empirical trial involved 125 Grade XI Phase F senior high school students. The results show that the instrument had an average Aiken’s V value of 0.89, which falls into the valid category. The empirical validity test results show that all 25 statement items met the validity criteria, with calculated r values ranging from 0.289 to 0.678 and greater than the r table value of 0.1743. In addition, the instrument obtained a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.86, indicating very high reliability. The conclusion of this study affirms that the developed questionnaire instrument is valid, reliable, and feasible for use in identifying the factors causing students’ learning difficulties in acid-base material. The implications of this study provide practical contributions for chemistry teachers in conducting early diagnoses of learning difficulties and supporting the development of learning strategies that are more aligned with students’ needs.

Readiness of Class Teachers in Implementing Artificial Intelligence-Based Learning at SD Negeri 08 Panyabungan

2026-07-10T16:52:13+08:00

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in education requires teachers to demonstrate digital readiness to support more effective, personalized, and interactive learning. However, AI-based learning at SD Negeri 08 Panyabungan remains limited, indicating the need for further investigation into teachers’ preparedness and implementation practices. This study aims to examine teachers’ understanding and readiness for AI, analyze its application in classroom learning, and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors affecting AI implementation at SD Negeri 08 Panyabungan. A qualitative approach was employed, with data obtained from the principal, teachers, students, and relevant documents. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model. Data validity was ensured through triangulation of sources, techniques, and time. The findings show that teachers possess an initial understanding of AI, but their readiness and classroom implementation remain limited and are still developing. AI use is generally indirect and limited to simple digital media rather than fully integrated AI-based learning practices. Key inhibiting factors include limited facilities, unstable internet access, and insufficient teacher training, while the existing use of digital media provides an initial foundation for future development. This study concludes that SD Negeri 08 Panyabungan is still in the early transition stage toward AI-based learning. The study contributes to the discourse on digital transformation in elementary education by highlighting the need for systematic teacher training, adequate infrastructure, and institutional support to strengthen teachers’ readiness for responsible and effective AI integration in classroom learning.

Studi in silico Molecular Docking Senyawa Bioaktif Tumbuhan Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff) sebagai Kandidat Inhibitor α-Glukosidase untuk Antidiabetes

2026-07-11T15:41:16+08:00

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease with a continuously increasing prevalence and may be influenced by dietary patterns, diet, physical activity, and age. One strategy for controlling it is to inhibit the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme, which plays a role in breaking down carbohydrates into glucose. Pelawan (Tristaniopsis merguensis Griff.) contains bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins, and phenols, that have the potential to be developed as antidiabetic agents. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of bioactive compounds from pelawan to inhibit the activity of the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID: 1LHU) through an in silico approach. Molecular docking simulations were performed using PyRx and PyMOL software, while protein–ligand interactions were visualized using Discovery Studio 2025. The results showed that kaempferol had the best binding affinity, with a value of −8.1 kcal/mol, followed by resveratrol, with a value of −7.3 kcal/mol. The visualization results showed interactions between the protein and ligands through hydrogen bonds as well as hydrophobic and alkyl interactions. These findings indicate that kaempferol and resveratrol from T. merguensis have the potential to inhibit α-glucosidase activity. This study supports the potential of bioactive compounds from pelawan as natural antidiabetic candidates and provides a basis for further research to validate their biological activity.

Pengaruh Media Simulasi PhET terhadap Keaktifan Belajar IPAS Kelas V SDN 67 Parepare

2026-07-12T14:48:34+08:00

Student learning engagement is an important factor in determining the success of Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) learning in elementary schools, but students’ low active participation remains a challenge in the learning process. This study aimed to analyze the effect of using PhET simulation media on students’ learning engagement in fifth-grade IPAS learning at UPTD SD Negeri 67 Parepare. The study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental method and a posttest-only control group design. The research sample consisted of 43 students selected through purposive sampling, comprising 23 students from Class V.A as the experimental group and 20 students from Class V.B as the control group. Data were collected through observations and a learning engagement questionnaire and were subsequently analyzed using descriptive statistics and an independent-samples t-test. The results showed that students who participated in learning using PhET simulation media had a higher level of learning engagement than students in the control group. The independent-samples t-test yielded a two-tailed significance value of less than 0.05, indicating a significant difference between the experimental and control groups. Thus, the use of PhET simulation media had a positive effect on students’ learning engagement in IPAS learning. These findings confirm that PhET simulation media can be used as an interactive learning medium to enhance students’ active participation and engagement in the IPAS learning process in elementary schools.

Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Project Based Learning (PjBL) untuk Meningkatkan Motivasi Belajar Pendidikan Pancasila Siswa Kelas V UPTD SDN 85 Parepare

2026-07-12T14:59:04+08:00

The low learning motivation of fifth-grade students in Pancasila Education at UPTD SDN 85 Parepare indicates the need to implement a learning model capable of increasing student engagement in the learning process. This study aimed to improve the quality of the learning process and students’ learning motivation through the implementation of the Project-Based Learning (PjBL) model. The study employed a classroom action research design with a qualitative approach conducted in two cycles, each comprising planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The research participants consisted of one teacher and 34 fifth-grade students, including 15 male and 19 female students. Data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and documentation and were subsequently analyzed through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that, in Cycle I, teacher activities, student activities, and students’ learning motivation were in the fair category. Following improvements in Cycle II, teacher and student activities increased to the good category, while students’ learning motivation reached the very good category. This improvement was indicated by increased enthusiasm, active engagement, group collaboration, and students’ enjoyment during the learning process. Thus, the implementation of the Project-Based Learning model was effective in improving the learning process and students’ learning motivation in Pancasila Education in the fifth grade at UPTD SDN 85 Parepare. These findings imply that PjBL can be used as an alternative learning model to create more active, collaborative, and enjoyable Pancasila Education learning.

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Inquiry Terbimbing terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas X LAS pada Mata Pelajaran Dasar-Dasar Teknik Pengelasan dan Fabrikasi Logam di SMK Negeri 1 Sumbar

2026-07-12T15:23:10+08:00

The low learning outcomes of Grade X Welding Engineering students in the Fundamentals of Welding Engineering and Metal Fabrication course at SMK Negeri 1 Sumbar were influenced by a learning process that remained dominated by the lecture method, resulting in students being less active and motivated to participate in learning. This study aimed to describe the implementation of the guided inquiry learning model and analyze its effect on students’ learning outcomes. The study employed an experimental method with a one-group pretest–posttest design. The research sample included all 35 Grade X LAS students at SMK Negeri 1 Sumbar. Data were collected using a learning achievement test that had been assessed for validity, reliability, difficulty level, and discriminating power. The data were analyzed through normality and homogeneity tests, followed by hypothesis testing using a paired-samples t-test. The results showed that the mean posttest score was 83.86, which was higher than the mean pretest score of 61.20. The hypothesis test yielded a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05; therefore, H₀ was rejected and Hₐ was accepted at a significance level of α = 0.05. These findings indicated a significant difference in learning outcomes before and after the implementation of the guided inquiry learning model. Thus, the guided inquiry learning model had a significant effect on the learning outcomes of Grade X LAS students in the Fundamentals of Welding Engineering and Metal Fabrication course at SMK Negeri 1 Sumbar. The implementation of this model can serve as an alternative learning approach that promotes student activeness and improves learning achievement in vocational education.

Efisiensi Pelaksanaan Tank Cleaning untuk Menunjang Kesiapan Muat di MT. Savir Tiger

2026-07-13T09:12:03+08:00

Tank cleaning is an essential operation on tankers to ensure cargo tank readiness, particularly after transporting cargoes that leave persistent residues and may contaminate subsequent cargoes. This study aimed to analyze the implementation of tank cleaning on MT. Savir Tiger, identify the factors causing delays in its completion, and formulate operational improvements to support loading readiness. The study employed a qualitative descriptive approach with a case study design conducted on MT. Savir Tiger during sea practice from February 8, 2024, to May 21, 2025, with observations focusing on the transition from fuel oil to gasoil cargoes during July–August 2024. Data were collected through direct observation, informal interviews with officers and deck crew, and documentation of ship particulars, tank-cleaning equipment, checklists, and cleaning procedures. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing by applying source triangulation. The findings showed that tank cleaning was conducted through the stages of pre-cleaning, chemical cleaning, rinsing, flushing, draining, drying, mopping, and final inspection. However, its efficiency was hindered by damage to the fixed Butterworth equipment and hose nozzles, limited ventilation during work in enclosed spaces, incomplete flushing and mopping, weak stage-by-stage supervision, and the re-entry of residual water due to leaking valves. Although 24 days were available during the voyage and anchorage period for cleaning and demucking, the surveyor’s inspection still identified residues, requiring recleaning before loading. This study concludes that tank cleaning needs to be managed as an integrated loading-readiness control system by improving equipment reliability, procedural compliance, occupational safety in enclosed spaces, inspection at every stage, and evidence-based documentation to minimize contamination and improve tanker operational efficiency.

Pengembangan Instrumen Angket Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kesulitan Belajar Siswa pada Materi Larutan Penyangga Kelas XI Fase F SMA

2026-07-13T09:21:52+08:00

Difficulties in learning chemistry remain a common problem among students because chemistry learning requires not only conceptual mastery but also the ability to connect macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representations. These difficulties may be influenced by students’ internal factors as well as external factors related to the learning environment; therefore, a valid instrument is required to accurately identify their contributing factors. This study aimed to develop a valid questionnaire instrument for identifying the factors causing students’ learning difficulties in the topic of buffer solutions. The study employed a research and development method by adapting DeVellis’s scale development stages, which included determining the construct, developing statement items, determining the measurement format, expert validation, and instrument revision. The content validity of the instrument was assessed by five expert lecturers using Aiken’s V index. The results showed that the instrument obtained a mean Aiken’s V value of 0.91 and was classified as valid. Thus, the developed questionnaire instrument met the content validity criteria and can be used to identify the factors causing students’ learning difficulties in the topic of buffer solutions. This instrument contributes by providing an identification tool that can support teachers and researchers in systematically mapping the factors associated with difficulties in learning chemistry as a basis for planning instruction that meets students’ needs.

Pengembangan Instrumen Tes Kemampuan Berpikir Kritis Matematis Materi SPLDV pada Siswa SMP

2026-07-13T09:34:29+08:00

Junior high school students’ mathematical critical thinking skills remain relatively low, particularly when solving problems involving Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV). This condition is associated with instructional practices that remain oriented toward routine calculation procedures and the search for a single correct answer, thereby failing to optimally develop students’ reasoning, evaluation of assumptions, and problem-solving processes. This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective test instrument for assessing mathematical critical thinking skills in SPLDV among students at SMP YPM 3 Taman Sidoarjo. The instrument development refers to six indicators of mathematical critical thinking skills, namely Focus for identifying problems, Reason for providing justification, Inference for drawing conclusions, Situation for applying concepts, Clarity for communicating the solution process, and Overview for reviewing answers. The developed instrument is designed to systematically measure students’ abilities in each indicator and to function as a diagnostic tool for identifying their strengths and weaknesses. Thus, this instrument is expected to support teachers in obtaining more accurate information regarding students’ mathematical critical thinking profiles and to serve as a basis for designing more effective, targeted, and needs-based instructional strategies and interventions.

Validasi Instrumen Angket Faktor-Faktor Penyebab Kesulitan Belajar Siswa SMA pada Materi Stoikiometri

2026-07-15T16:13:36+08:00

Learning difficulties in stoichiometry are still widely experienced by senior high school students because the subject requires the integration of conceptual understanding of chemistry and mathematical calculation skills, while also serving as an important foundation for mastering subsequent chemistry topics. This condition indicates the need for an instrument capable of systematically and measurably identifying the factors that cause students’ learning difficulties. This study aimed to develop a valid questionnaire instrument to identify the factors causing senior high school students’ learning difficulties in stoichiometry. The study employed a research and development method based on DeVellis’s (2017) instrument development model. The development process comprised five stages: determining the construct to be measured, developing a pool of statement items, determining the measurement format, conducting expert reviews of the items, and considering the validation results. The content validity of the instrument was analyzed using Aiken’s V index involving five validators. The results showed that the developed instrument obtained a mean Aiken’s V value of 0.842 and was therefore considered to have adequate content validity. Of the initial 83 statement items, 31 items were retained after undergoing a selection and revision process based on feedback from the validators. This study concludes that the developed instrument is valid as an initial draft for identifying the factors causing students’ learning difficulties in stoichiometry. The instrument may serve as a basis for further research involving empirical validity and reliability testing before being used more widely.

Pengaruh Fasilitas Bengkel dan Motivasi Belajar terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) Kelas XI Teknik Pemesinan SMK Negeri 5 Padang

2026-07-15T16:26:00+08:00

Workshop facilities and learning motivation are important factors in supporting the success of practical learning, particularly in the Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) subject at vocational high schools. This study aimed to analyze the effects of workshop facilities and learning motivation, both partially and simultaneously, on the learning outcomes of eleventh-grade Machining Engineering students in the SMAW subject at SMK Negeri 5 Padang. The study employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design and involved a population of 53 eleventh-grade Machining Engineering students from classes XI TP 1 and XI TP 2. Data were collected through questionnaires, documentation, and observation and were then analyzed using simple linear regression and multiple linear regression. The results showed that workshop facilities had a significant effect on students’ learning outcomes, with a calculated t-value of 9.672 and the regression equation Y = −28.155 + 1.720X₁. Learning motivation also had a significant effect on learning outcomes, with a calculated t-value of 9.378 and the regression equation Y = 28.32 + 10.61X₂. Simultaneously, workshop facilities and learning motivation had a positive and significant effect on students’ learning outcomes, with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.724 and the regression equation Y = 23.878 + 1.009X₁ + 0.578X₂. These findings confirm that adequate workshop facilities and high learning motivation jointly contribute to improving students’ learning outcomes in SMAW welding instruction. The implications of this study indicate the need for schools to improve the provision of practical facilities and foster students’ motivation through contextual and participatory learning strategies.