Kwaghe International Journal of Sciences and Technology

Evaluation of the Effect of Pre-Germination Treatment on Delonix Regia Seeds

Wed, 03 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Delonix regia (Flamboyant) is a multipurpose tree species indigenous to semi-arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. It is being exploited to local extinction due to high dependence for fuel wood and other uses. The present study explored different pre-treatment methods for enhancing seed germination and growth of Delonix regia (Flamboyant) in Taraba State, Northern Nigeria. The experiment employed a 4 × 4 factorial design with seeds subjected to four pre-treatments (50% sulphuric acid concentration, 98% sulphuric acid concentration, cold water and hot water) at four pre-treatment time durations. Number of germination and plant height varied significantly between pre-treatments with cold water treatment recording the highest plant height (3.5cm) and the 98% sulphuric acid concentration recording the least (1.3cm). Germination rate had a moderate positive relationship with plant height. The study recommends seed immersion in cold water for 48 h as the most efficient pre-treatment for Delonix regia (Flamboyant).

Mathematical Model for Prevention and Control of Cholera Disease in Nigeria

Okorie Charity Ebelechukwu, Zando Asim Abraham, Ochigbo Josephine E — Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this research work, we modified an existing mathematical model that can accommodate the gaps we discovered from the existing model. The modification centered on addition of a compartment called Isolation compartment into the existing model. The isolation is added as part of the control measures. This is one of the factors that make eradication of cholera impossible. We checked for the existence and uniqueness of the modified model and observed that the modified equations are unique and they exist. Maple 2023 and R studio software were used in carrying out the analysis. The disease-free equilibrium (DFE) state of the model was determined and used to compute the basic reproduction number R₀, as a threshold for effective disease management. The results from stability analysis for the disease-free equilibrium (DFEs) shows that it is locally asymptotically stable whenever the basic reproduction number is less than unity (R₀< 1). The result obtained from sensitivity index of R₀ shows that the control parameters (isolation) of susceptible individual is crucial parameter to cholera management. It is recommended that isolation and awareness should be given prompt response as strategies in eradicating cholera disease so as to avoid prolonged illness and death.

Effect of Mangifera Indica Root Methanolic Extract on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Albino Rats

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The growing prevalence of diabetes in both developed and developing nations has prompted scientists to intensify their research efforts in identifying potent therapeutic compounds from natural sources. These compounds are aimed at more effectively treating and managing diabetes. The aim of this research is to determine the potentials of Mangifera Indica on induced hyperglycemic rats. The materials and methods : The roots will be cut into small pieces, air-dried and 100g of the root powdered soaked , extracted in rotary evaporator, fort albino rats is used. Diabetes will be induced in rats by injecting them intraperitoneally (i.p.) with freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) dissolved in citrate buffer (0.1 M pH 4.5) after an overnight fast and Hyperglycemia confirmed. Thirty albino rats is randomly divided into six groups, each consisting of five rats: group 1-6. Group 1-3 control groups, NC (Normal non-treated control), DM (Negative control rats), PC (Positive Control) group 4-6 (Mangifera indica treated diabetic rats). The NC and DM (control groups) will be given distilled water, while the MI and DM + MI (experimental groups) will receive Mangifera indica extract at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg/b.wt. Results: Day one blood glucose levels was lowered significantly (p < 0.05). Day three treatments with standard drug and 100 mg/kg body weight extract lowered blood glucose significantly (p < 0.05) close to normal after induction with alloxan. The results of selected liver test indicates that AST decreased significantly, ALT increased significantly, ALP increased significantly, TP decreased significantly, GLB decreased significantly, TB increased significantly, DB increased significantly, INDB increased significantly. The results of kidney function test show that urea increased significantly, no significant difference shown in creatinine, potassium level were raised significantly, chloride and carbon dioxide were elevated significantly.

A Review: Metabolism of Lipid Via TREM-2A

Olawale Otitoju, Assumpta Iruka, Janya Danjuma — Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This review investigated the metabolism of lipid via TREM-2. Lipid metabolism is the synthesis and degradation of lipids in cells, involving the breakdown and storage of fats for energy and the synthesis of structural and functional lipids, such as those involved in the construction of cell membranes. Lipid metabolism is often considered as the digestion and absorption process of dietary fat; however, there are two sources of fats that organisms can use to obtain energy: from consumed dietary fats and from stored fat. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM-2) is a membrane receptor on myeloid cells and plays an important role in the body’s immune defense. Recently, TREM-2 has received extensive attention from researchers, and its activity has been found in Alzheimer’s disease, neuroinflammation, and traumatic brain injury. The appearance of TREM-2 is usually accompanied by changes in apolipoprotein E (ApoE). Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a protein playing a pivotal role in lipid homeostasis since it regulates cholesterol, triglyceride and phospholipid metabolism in the blood and the brain. APOE gene regulates the expression of this protein and has three different alleles: ε2, ε3 and ε4. Carrying an APOE4 allele is recognized as a genetic risk factor of late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). A major function of apoE is to mediate the binding of lipoproteins or lipid complexes in the plasma or interstitial fluids to specific cell-surface receptors. These receptors internalize apoE-containing lipoprotein particles; thus, apoE participates in the distribution/redistribution of lipids among various tissues and cells of the body. It is likely that apoE, with its multiple cellular origins and multiple structural and biophysical properties, is involved widely in processes of lipid metabolism and neurobiology, possibly encompassing a variety of disorders of neuronal repair, remodeling, and degeneration by interacting with different factors through various pathways.

Antibacterial Effect of Methanol Extract of Newbouldia laevis Leaves on Some Selected Resistant Pathogen on Synthesised Drugs

Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Newbouldia laevis is a tropical plant belonging to the family of Bignoniaceae. It is among the most useful plants in Africa. Historically medicinal plants have been provided a good source of inspiration for novel therapeutic drugs which has made a large contribution to health and well-being of humans. It has been used over the years to as curative agents against many infections and have been exploited in the traditional medicine with their curative potentials. Material and methods: The leaves of Newbouldia laevis was bought from a local market in Wukari, Taraba State. The leaves of Newbouldia laevis was chop into pieces, air-dried for four days and then pulverized into fine powder. About 250 g of the powdered bark extracted with 2 L of ethanol using maceration method for 72 hrs. The crude extracts of Newbouldia laevis was used in antibacterial assay. The results observed demonstrate that the Newbouldia leaves methanol crude extract possesses concentration-dependent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive resistant bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia) bacteria. The increasing inhibition zones with higher concentrations suggest a potential dose-response relationship.

Review on DNA Modification for Drug Tartgeting Purposes

Solomon Godiya Marvelous, Isaac John Umaru, Kerenhappuch Isaac Umaru — Fri, 19 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) modification for drug targeting purposes is a rapidly advancing field that holds great promise for revolutionizing the way we approach disease treatment, offering precise and personalized approaches to tackle diseases. This seminar work provides an overview of the potential application of DNA modification for drug targeting. The seminar work begins by introducing nucleic acid and its types, structure of DNA and DNA modification, the concept of DNA modification and its significance in the context of drug targeting. It highlights the potential of DNA modification techniques, such as gene editing and epigenetic modifications. It also explores the application of DNA modification for drug targeting purposes. It discusses the use of gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas9, in correcting genetic mutations associated with inherited disorders or targeting disease-causing genes. By utilizing DNA modification techniques, drug targeting can be fine-tuned to enhance efficacy and minimize side effects. In general, this seminar report emphasizes the great potential of DNA modification for drug targeting purposes. By precisely modifying DNA, scientists can develop targeted therapies, correct genetic mutations, and optimize drug responses.

Health Risk Analysis and Heavy Metals Speciation of Arable Farmlands In some selected Areas of Northern Taraba State Nigeria

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background and Objective: Soil plays a major role in food safety and security. A major problem in most developing nations is a lack of food security and safety. The soil environment is a reservoir of nutrients as well as pollutants. This study eval_uated the health risk and heavy metals speciation of arable farmlands in Ardo-Kola, Zing and Yorro, Local Government Areas of Taraba State, Nigeria. Methodology: Three different soil samples from three Local Government Areas of Taraba State (Ardo-Kola, Zing and Yorro) were collected using sterile glass sample collection bottles measured at 5 cm depth. The collected soil samples were freed from unwanted materials by hand picking and air-dried for 5 days to remove excess moisture. The dried soil samples were crushed in with mortar and a pestle, the crushed soil sample was sieved through a 2 mm sieve made of stainless steel the sieved soil sample was further pulverized to a fine powder and passed through a 0.5-mm sieve. Heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As) concentrations were assayed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Results: The results showed that Chromium had a high concentration with values ranging from 1.83 mg/kg to 2.62 mg/kg. While Lead and Mercury had the lowest concentration of less than 0.03 mg/kg across the studied areas. For ecological risk assessment parameters; target cancer risk, hazard index (HI) estimated daily intake (EDI) were all determined to assess the non-carcinogenic health risk. Ardo-Kola recorded the highest levels of HM, followed by Yorro, whereas Zing had the lowest concentration. Consumption of crops harvested from the sampled location may pose a serious health challenge; bio-accumulation of toxicants in the soil across the studied areas may pose a health risk due to high concentration of heavy metals which are known to generate free radicals that may lead to oxidative stress and other cellular damages in humans. Conclusion: Although most of the studied heavy metals were significantly present in all the analyzed soil except lead and mercury, their concentration in various soil samples across the studied areas exceeded the permissible levels as recommended by WHO except for Lead and mercury.

Biochemical Studies of the Effects of Nauclea Latifolia Ethanolic Root Extracts in Rats

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The plant Nauclea latifolia (Smith) (Family: Rubiaceae) also known as ‘Pin Cushion tree’ or ‘African Peach’ is a struggling shrub, native in tropical Africa and Asia where the use of folk medicine is preval_ent and the search for herbal cure is but common practice. Extraction of the root of Nauclea latifolia with ethanol yielded the ethanol extract. The acute toxicity study on the ethanol extract in mice established an intraperitoneal LD₅₀greater than 4000mg/kg. Thus, the ethanol extract could generally be regarded as safe. The phytochemical analysis of the Nauclea latifolia ethanol extract indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins and reducing sugars. The result of the liver function test, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase enzymes and the serum concentrations of conjugated and total bilirubin measured suggest mild damage of the liver hepatocytes of rats treated with ethanolic extract of Nauclea latifolia root when compared to the control. Increased serum enzyme concentrations could be associated with hepatocellular damage. The result of urea and creatinine indicate that the kidney may be damaged when compared to the control group. The extract caused a slight but non significant increase (p > 0.05) in blood glucose concentration as administration of the extract continued at days 28 and 42. The present study established that the continuous administration of the ethanol crude extract of Nauclea latifolia is lethal to the hepatocytes and kidneys.

Assessment of Radiation Dose Level in the Farm Soil of Federal University Wukari, Northeast Nigeria

Ayuni Ngo Kilian, Samuel Saleh, Yusuf Sani, Unim Emmanuel Unim — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study has assessed the amount of radiation exposed to farm soils of federal university Wukari, Taraba State with the aim to determine radiation dose in soils and to provide necessary information of human health risks associated with high radioactivity in soil and its effects on plant materials. Ten different soil samples were collected from different location in the farming soil and the Geiger Muller counter was used to measure the level of radiation exposure in the samples. The analyzed results showed low amount of radiation dose level. The absorbed dose values ranging between 0.1607 Gy/hr - 0.1730Gy/hr while equivalent dose rate ranges between 0.2815mSv/yr - 0.2956mSv/yr. These results revealed that the dose rate does not exceed the recommended values by International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) which is 1 mSv/yr for the general public and therefore do not pose a significant health hazard. The radiation dose level has no negative effect on both the plants and the dwellers. Therefore, the study area is safe for human activities.

Students’ Accommodation and Academic Performance: the Case of Federal University Wukari, Nigeria

Ibrahim Abdulmudallib, Anshula Kenneth Luper — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In response to growing concerns about the academic performance of higher education students, this study examines how accommodation choices influence academic outcomes at Federal University Wukari. By employing a mixed-methods approach, data was collected through surveys, interviews, and academic records. Results highlight a notable association between accommodation type and academic performance, with off-campus students exhibiting superior outcomes. To address these findings, recommendations are proposed, emphasizing the need to improve facilities, offer affordable housing options, and enhance safety measures to foster student success and well-being.

Determination of Trace Metals in Borehole, Tap, and Well Water from Dawakin Kudu Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the concentration of trace metals in borehole, tap, and well water samples from Dawakin Kudu Local Government Area in Kano State, Nigeria. Understanding the levels of trace metals in these water sources is crucial for assessing potential health risks and ensuring safe drinking water for the local population. The samples undergo evaporation to dryness and are then pre-concentrated with 0.5 M nitric acid. The metals were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The study found that all samples had iron concentrations, with the highest concentration in tap water (722.976 μg/L) and the lowest in well water (36.504 μg/L). Cadmium concentrations were highest in sample B (0.114 μg/L) and lowest in sample D (0.018 μg/L), all below WHO's permissible limit of 3 μg/L. Nickel concentrations were highest in sample C (0.336 μg/L), lowest in sample A (0.384 μg/L), and not in samples B and D (0.384 μg/L). Lead concentrations were only detected in samples A and B (0.384 μg/L), all below WHO's permissible limit of 10 μg/L. Iron was high compared to the permissible level of trace metal in water, but only in sample C, among all the samples, sample C is the safest water for drinking.

Determination of the Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, Phenolics and Flavonoids Profile, Vitamins and Amino Acids Profile Using HPLC and DPPH Free Scavenging Radical Acitivities of the Methanol Leaf Extract of Persea americana

Ojochenemi Ejeh Yakubu, Olawale Otitoju, Janya Danjuma, Patience Audu Jankada — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This research examined the total phenolics, flavonoids, flavonoids and phenolics profile, vitamins and amino acids profile uing HPLC as well as the DPPH free scavenging activity of methanol leaf extract of P. americana. Plants have shown to possess phytochemicals which are beneficial to man including therapeutic and disease prevention. P. americana leaves was harvested from its tree in Baissa, Taraba State. The leaves were air dried under shade at room temperature after which it was pulverized using clean mortar and pestle. The powdered sample was extracted using methanol for 72 hours. Extract was filtered using whatmann no. 1 filter paper and evaporated using rotary evaporator and water bath to obtain the required concentrate. The concentrated extract was subjected to total flavonoid and total phenolics content using aluminium chloride folin ciocaltue respectively. Total antioxidant capacity of the leaf extract was carried out using DPPH. The amino acids, vitamins, flavonoids and phenolics profiles were evaluated. The result reveals that there is a significant level of flavonoid and phenolics in the extract which accounted for 43.32±0.15 mg GAE/100g and 32.84±2.13 mg CE/100g respectively. The antioxidant capacity showed a promising inhibition of DPPH free radical scavenging activity with increase in dose. The amino acids that were found to be present in the extract include asparagine, threonine, histidine, phenylalanine and aspartic acid with different percentage. Vitamins K, B1 and B3 were detected significantly in the leaf extract. The various phytochemicals detected have shown according to research to have beneficial to the biological system, especially in scavenging free radicals and mitigation of oxidative stress. Vitamins are essential for normal functions and metabolism in the biological system, their deficiency could have deleterious effects. Amino acids are necessary for protein synthesis and are required for other biological processes. The extract has shown to be a rich source of various phytochemicals and have shown a promising presence of various vitamins and amino acids.

A Single-Equation ECM Model of Government’s Investment in Human Capital and Income Inequality in Nigeria

Mathew Stephen, Danjuma Idi — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the impact of government investment in human capital on income inequality in Nigeria using a Single-Equation Error Correction Model (ECM) approach from 1985 to 2023. The analysis involves pre-estimation checks for stationarity and lag order selection, ensuring the methodological robustness of the model. The results indicate stationarity of the variables post-differencing, affirming the reliability of the model. The Parsimonious ECM reveals that increased education expenditure significantly reduces income inequality coefficient of -0.099 (p < 5%), while higher agricultural spending coefficient of 0.078 (p < 5%) leads to a slight rise in inequality. Health expenditure shows no significant impact. The Error Correction Mechanism coefficient of -0.471 (p < 5%) highlights the importance of addressing deviations from long-term equilibrium to reduce income inequality. This study recommends amongst others the significance of targeted policies for education and sustainable agriculture to promote equitable income distribution and economic stability in Nigeria.

On the Application of Exponentiated Burr V Distribution and Its Extension

Idi D, David I. J — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In this research, the application of Exponentiated Burr-V (EBV) distribution is presented and compared with other competing distributions which include Exponentiated Pareto distribution, Exponentiated Lomax distribution, Exponentiated Gumbel distribution, and Exponentiated Generalized Inverse Exponential distribution. The maximum likelihood estimation method was used in estimating the EBV and the four competing distributions. The loglikelihood (LL) and Akaike Information Criteria (AIC) was applied for determining the best fitted distribution and the distribution with the largest LL and smallest AIC is considered the best fitted distribution. The data used is on bladder cancer which is a widely used data from Lee and Wang (2003), Lemonte and Cordeiro (2011), Luz, (2012), and Kazeem et al., (2014). The results obtained showed that the EBV distribution has the largest LL value of 2950.726 and the smallest AIC value of –5895.452. The LL and AIC values imply that the EBV distribution is a very competitive distribution in fitting the bladder cancer data and it is an appropriate distribution for fitting asymmetric or negatively skewed and high kurtosis datasets.

Preliminary Investigation of the Pollution Status of Kashimbila Dam Takum, Taraba State, North Eastern Nigeria

B. N Hikon, C. O Obadimu, O. J Ewenifa, O. A Ruth — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are chemical compounds used to control or eliminate plant and animal pests. Most of these pesticides are non-degradable, leading to residue accumulation in aquatic environments, particularly in sediment and water. This is a significant concern today because aquatic organisms absorb these residues, which can cause serious health risks to humans. The study area, Kashimbila Dam in Takum, Taraba State, is surrounded by uplands where agricultural activities are conducted. Sediment and water samples were collected from Birama, Bibi, and Shingu, all along the Kashimbila Dam. Sample preparation and extraction were performed using analytical-grade chemicals, and OCP concentrations were determined using GC-MS. The study aimed to assess the distribution levels of OCP residues in water. Mirex and Hexachlorobenzene recorded the highest concentration levels, ranging from 0.932±0.036 to 1.712±0.342 mg/kg and from 0.701±0.681 to 1.350±0.002 mg/kg in water, respectively. In sediment, the concentrations ranged from 0.122±0.008 to 2.262±0.050 mg/kg for Mirex and from 0.094±0.008 to 1.176±0.001mg/kg for Hexachlorobenzene. The values obtained for Mirex and Hexachlorobenzene in all samples across the locations were above the WHO and FAO (2014) permissible limits of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. The distribution levels of other OCPs, such as DDT, Dieldrin, Heptachlor, and Lindane, in all sample locations were also above the WHO and FAO (2009) permissible limits of 0.01 mg/kg for water and 1.00 mg/kg for sediment. The high values of these OCP residues could be attributed to the excessive use of pesticides on agricultural soils and fishing activities. Lindane, a contraband chemical commonly known as Gamalin-20, is used by fishermen to kill fish. The pH values of the three water samples from Kashimbila Dam were 8.32, 9.00, and 9.03 mg/l, indicating that the water body is alkaline or basic. High alkalinity is essential for the well-being of aquatic organisms. The pollution load index (PLI) of OCPs in water and the contamination factor (CF) of OCPs in sediment ranged from 0.110 to 15.050 and from 0.035 to 21.835, respectively, indicating that the pollution status of water and sediment from Kashimbila Dam ranged from moderate to highly polluted levels.

Forecasting Relationship between Annual Income and Annual Expenditure in Nigeria Educational Sector

Iroka Jude, Akpienbi I. O — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the relationship between annual income and annual expenditure using regression analysis. Data spanning multiple years were analysed to understand the dynamics between income and expenditure. The analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between income and expenditure, indicating that higher income levels are associated with increased spending. Despite non-normal distribution, the regression model effectively captured the relationship between income and expenditure, offering insights into consumer behaviour. Forecasted expenditure values based on the regression model provide valuable information for future planning and decision-making. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of understanding the link between income and expenditure and demonstrates the utility of regression analysis in economic research. Despite deviations from normality, the regression model effectively captures the essence of the income-expenditure relationship, facilitating accurate predictions of future spending trends. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, businesses, and individuals alike, highlighting the significance of prudent financial planning and resource allocation. By understanding the dynamics of income and expenditure, stakeholders can make informed decisions to promote economic stability and enhance overall well-being.

Investigation of Positivity, Existence and Uniqueness of a Modified COVID-19 Model

Okorie Charity Ebelechukwu, Haruna Yusuf, Hina Aliyu Danladi — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Corona virus disease is the most dreaded infectious disease all over the whole world. The outburst of the disease made many researchers to step up with research so as to find solution of eradication of the disease. Jummy et al (2021) developed a compartmental differential equation models which they used in studying direct and indirect transmission of COVID-19.We discovered that their model did not consider quarantine, vaccination and partial immunity. We then incorporated quarantine, vaccination and partial immunity into their models to come up with a modified version of Jummy et al model equations. In this research work, we investigated the positivity of the solution of the modified model, the existence and the uniqueness of the solution. The essence of doing these is to be sure that our models can conform to reality in solving the problem of eradication of COVID-19. We discovered that the solution exist, bounded, unique and positive.

Control of Post Harvest Fungal Deterioration of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L) Merr.) Using Extracts of Plant Origin in Nigeria

Amadioha A. C, Anidobu R. J — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Post-harvest fungal deterioration of pineapple is the most important challenge in pineapple production value chain causing losses in both nutrient and market values. This research was undertaken to identify the fungal pathogens causing rot of pineapple fruits in storage and their control using the water and ethanol leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera, Azadirachta indica (Neem), and Carica payaya (pawpaw). Pathogenicity test of fungal isolates from infected pineapple fruit indicated Rhizopus stolonifer, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium solani as major pathogenic organisms causing storage rot of pineapple fruits. A. niger had the highest frequency of occurrence and most virulent recording the highest disease incidence and severity followed by R. solonfer and F. solani. The effects of both aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant materials on rot development and spread in pineapple fruits by the pathogens showed that pineapple fruits sprayed with the plant extracts before inoculation of the pathogens recorded less disease incidence than those fruits spray-inoculated with pathogen before application of plant extracts suggesting that the extracts are better used as protectant before infection and development of disease. The ethanol leaf extracts were more effective than water extracts in reducing the disease incidence and severity of the pathogenic organisms in pineapple indicating that the solvent of extraction affected the antimicrobial activities of the test plant materials with ethanol extracting more active compounds than water as extracting solvent. The extracts of A. indica were most potent in the reduction of rot development and spread in pineapple indicating that the extracts contained more anti-fungal properties that affected the growth of the pathogenic organisms in vivo followed by extracts of C. papaya and M. oleifera. Extracts of these plant materials could therefore be exploited as pesticides of plant origin in the control of postharvest microbial deterioration of pineapple fruits and increase food production.

Compounding of Synthesized Monomethylol Urea and Hydroxylated Palm Kernel Oil as Composite Resin for Emulsion Paint Formulation

Archibong C. S, Bintu Kime, Fadawa F. G — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Palm kernel oil which is a triglyceride was subjected to chemical modification of its structure to add hydroxyl groups. The hydroxylated chemical structure was cross-linked with monomethylol urea, a thermoset resin to produce a composite MMU/HPKO. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to ascertain the existence of chemical interactions between MMU and HPKO, the reduction of the absorption band around 3360.69cm^-1 which is due to the presence of hydroxyl groups was an indication of the occurrence of chemical reaction between hydroxylated palm kernel oil and monomethylol urea. The compounded composite was further characterized for the eval_uation of physical and mechanical properties. Properties like the elongation at break, viscosity, Gel time, Turbidity and Refractive index increases with percentage inclusion of HPKO until at above 50% where changes were noticed. While parameters like Formaldehyde emission, Moisture uptake, Density and melting point decreases with percentage loading of HPKO. Copolymerization successfully combined the advantages of MMU specie with HPKO while offsetting their shortcomings in a synergetic manner to create a higher performance class of polymer. Therefore, the blending of monomethylol urea with the hydroxylated palm kernel oil in this research work has added flexibility to MMU which hitherto was brittle and hard, improve it water resistance properties because of the hydrophobic nature of the hydroxylated palm kernel oil, and has brought about a reduction in the formaldehyde emission of monomethylol urea due to the percentage’s inclusion of hydroxylated palm kernel oil and subsequent deduction of monomethylol urea.

Basic Reproduction Number and Sensitivity Index Estimates from a Modified Deterministic Model for Nigeria COVID-19 Transmission

Aromolaran A. Davidson, Evelyn Nkiruka Okeke, Ikwuoche John David — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Basic reproduction number and sensitivity index are necessary indices used in most epidemiological research to eval_uate the adequacy of formulated model. In this research, a modified deterministic model (MDM) of Covid-19 outbreak in Nigeria is formulated. The R₀ is estimated alongside the SI to determine the acceptability of the formulated MDM. The analytic results showed that an R₀ of 0.0000295 is obtained which imply the spread of the virus is under control. The SI result showed that 14 parameters of the MDM were sensitive whereby 8 of the parameters SI are positive while the remaining 6 parameters [natural mortality rate (μ), Proportion of asymptomatic that did not transit to symptomatic (v), natural mortality rate plus Covid-19 death induced (μ₁), rate of vaccination (γ), rate of symptomatic being transferred to isolation (ϒ), transition of undetected exposed to quarantine (ф)] SI are negative. The SI result clearly showed that the significant negative indices parameters are responsible for reducing the R₀ and enhanced the decline of the Covid-19 virus in Nigeria.

Removal, Recovery and Reuse of Resource in Waste Streams: Challenges, Management and Solutions

Obadimu C. O, Adelagun R.O. A — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The concept of resource recovery has received immense attention in the last decade from researchers globally due to the stringent discharge limit of nutrients, the provision of an alternative for the highly expensive inorganic fertilizers and as well as reduction of environmental pollution. Resource recovery has given wastewater a new look as a resource from which values can be derived. However, it is faced with an array of issues, ranging from technological feasibilities of recoveries, social-cultural acceptance, economic and business feasibilities, legislative-political challenges, marketability of the recovered products and environmental-ecological challenges. In this study these challenges are highlighted, considered and eval_uated for possible solutions. The technological aspects are considered in the form of the source of recovery, methods and techniques as wsell as the applicability of the recovered products. A decisive aspect is enlightenment via education to change people’s perspectives and attitudes towards the application of recovered products. Other challenges are also stated and reviewed and solutions are proffer to militate these challenges if properly considered. Finally, as there is not one single, encompassing solution for these challenges as some are localized and geographical, solutions therefore, must be tailor-made to fit and adapt to the challenge at hand.

Survey of Finger Knuckle Print Recognition and Authentication

Umar Abdullahi, Hambali Moshood Abiola — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Finger knuckle (FK) has gained significant attention as a biometric characteristic in recent years. Its unique features, such as visible lines, wrinkles, and ridges on the external surface of finger knuckles, make it an economically viable option for human identification. FK serves as the foundation for many biometric systems. Aim: This report presents a comprehensive analysis of relevant FK research. The typical FK identification system consists of four steps: image acquisition, image preprocessing, feature extraction, and matching. Various methods have been employed at each stage in this research. Result: The paper highlight state-of-art methods utilized for the recognition of FK.

Histopathological Studies of the Effects of Nauclea Latifolia Ethanolic Root Extracts in Rats

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Nauclea latifolia (Smith) (Family: Rubiaceae) also known as ‘Pin Cushion tree’ or ‘African Peach’ is a struggling shrub, native in tropical Africa and Asia where the use of folk medicine is preval_ent and the search for herbal cure is but common practise. Extraction of the root of Nauclea latifolia with ethanol yielded the ethanol extract. The acute toxicity study on the ethanol extract in mice established an intraperitoneal LD₅₀greater than 4000mg/kg. Thus, the ethanol extract could be generally regarded as safe.. The histopathological sections of the liver and kidney of rats treated with ethanol extract of Nauclea latifolia showed that the extract contained some histopatotoxic compounds which might be responsible for the hepatocellular necrosis, inflammation and circulatory disturbances compared to the untreated rats. The present study established that the continuous administration of the ethanol crude extract of Nauclea latifolia is lethal to the hepatocytes and kidneys.

Heavy Metal Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review of Toxic Impacts and Remediation Strategies

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Heavy metals contamination in aquatic ecosystems is a critical environmental issue with far-reaching implications for ecological health and human safety, Heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is a pressing environmental concern, posing significant risks to aquatic life and human health. This review summarizes the toxic effects of heavy metals (HMs) on aquatic organisms, ecosystems, and human consumers. The study explores the sources, fate, and transport of HMs in aquatic environments, highlighting their bioaccumulation, biomagnification, and ecological impacts. Remediation strategies, including phytoextraction, bioaugmentation, and chemical treatment, are critically eval_uated. Emerging technologies, such as Nano remediation and bioremediation, offer promising solutions. The study showed heavy metal pollution in aquatic ecosystems is a significant environmental challenge that requires coordinated efforts from governments, industries, and communities to mitigate its impacts and protect water quality and aquatic life. By addressing the sources and effects of heavy metals in aquatic habitats, we can mitigate their impact on the environment and human health, ensuring the sustainability of these vital ecosystems.

Environmental Remediation Using Nanoparticles: A Review

Ruslan Shamsuddeen, Ansar Bilyaminu Adam, Twan Sale Mathew, Musa Yahaya Abubakar — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The use of nanoparticles for environmental remediation has gained significant attention in recentyears due to their unique properties and potential to revolutionize the field. This review providesa comprehensive overview of the current state of knowledge on the application of nanoparticlesfor environmental remediation, including the removal of heavy metals, pesticides, industrialeffluents, and other pollutants from water, soil, and air. The review discusses the various types ofnanoparticles used, including metal, oxide, and carbon-based nanoparticles, and theirmechanisms of action. The advantages and limitations of nanoparticle-based remediationtechnologies are also eval_uated, and future research directions are identified. The reviewhighlights the potential of nanoparticles to enhance the efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness of environmental remediation processes, and underscores the need for furtherresearch to fully realize their potential.

Effect of Private Investment and Exchange Rate on Rice Output in Nigeria: A Bivariate Analysis

Udeme Henrietta, Monday Patrick Nwalem — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Studying the effects of exchange rate fluctuations on crop output can provide valuable insights into the relationship between exchange rates and agricultural performance. This research focused on how private investment and exchange rates specifically impact rice production. The study employed a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Impulse Response, and Variance Decomposition to achieve its objectives. The findings revealed that both foreign direct investment (FDI) and gross domestic private investment significantly affect rice output. Additionally, exchange rates and labor also have a significant impact on rice production. The analysis showed that rice output responds negatively to a unit shock in exchange rates and similarly negative responses to shocks in FDI, gross domestic investment, and labor. The study concluded that FDI, gross domestic investment, exchange rates, and labor contributed to rice output during the examined period. To attract foreign partners and enhance agricultural output, the study suggests implementing tax incentives and improving security. Furthermore, re-eval_uating the exchange rate could encourage the importation of agrochemicals, genetically modified seeds, farming equipment, and other inputs, thereby boosting the agricultural subsector. These policies would influence production incentives and, consequently, the allocation of resources across sectors.

A Review: Biochemical Role of House Fly in the Transmission of Medically Important Parasites

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

House flies (Musca domestica) can be found everywhere in the world except Antarctica, especially in regions with dense populations, hot weather, and inadequate hygiene. They are insects of small to medium size, featuring a unique gray body and big compound eyes that are colored red. House flies experience full metamorphosis, which includes four separate life phases: egg, larva (maggot), pupa, and adult. House flies are seen as important pests for public health because they can carry various pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and parasites. Because of their close connection to human actions, capability to travel far distances, and inclination to breed in decaying organic material, they are highly effective carriers for transmitting different illnesses. House flies have been linked to the spread of more than 100 different disease-causing microorganisms, leading to illnesses like gastroenteritis, dysentery, and cholera. Apart from bacterial pathogens, house flies have also been discovered to play a role in spreading different viruses and medically significant parasites. This review describes the physical characteristics and behavior of the house fly, highlighting its unique attributes like compound eyes, antennae, thorax, abdomen, and wings. The stages of development of a house fly, from egg to larva, pupa, and adult. It also offers distinct ways in which house flies can spread medically significant parasites, emphasizing the public health impact of this occurrence, especially in regions with inadequate sanitation and restricted healthcare access. It is essential to comprehend the role of house flies in transmitting these parasites in order to create successful control methods and enhance public health results.

Isolation and Identification of Phenol Degrading Bacteria in Refuse Dumping Site

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Phenol is a harmful compound found in soil, and its removal is crucial for human health. Phenol or hydroxybenzene, is both a synthetically and naturally produced aromatic compound. Microorganisms capable of degrading phenol are common and include both aerobes and anaerobes. In this study, researchers collected soil samples from INEX refuse dumping site along Bajoga road of kwami, Gombe state, and determined the abundance of heterotrophic and degradation bacteria using serial dilution and most probable number (MPN) methods. This experimental research study was carried out in order to isolate and identify phenol-degrading bacteria in polluted soil, the effect of concentration and pH was analysed during the procedure. Bacteria was isolated from contaminated soil and sub-cultured in a Mineral-salt media which was prepared with phenol added as the only carbon source needed for the bacterial growth, The bacterial isolate was identified as Escherichia coli a gram-negative bacteria. The favourable concentration and pH required for the growth of the bacteria was determined as 200mg/L and pH 7 respectively. These findings have significance in bioremediation for employing suitable bacteria in suitable condition for solving environmental pollution crises.

Ferroptosis and Cancer Therapy Review

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Ferroptosis is a type of intracellular iron-dependent cell death that is different from autophagy, necrosis, and apoptosis. Ferroptosis is necessary for tumour suppression, according to a number of studies, which opens up new therapy options for cancer. The establishment of resistance to cancer therapy is one of the most significant ongoing challenges. The subject of conquering drug resistance has been the focus of numerous preclinical and clinical studies. Interestingly, ferroptosis has been associated with treatment resistance for cancer, and ferroptosis stimulation has been demonstrated to reverse drug resistance. The current knowledge of ferroptosis-inducing and ferroptosis defence mechanisms analyses the functions and mechanisms of ferroptosis in tumour immunity and tumour suppression, conceptualises the various ways that cancer cells are vulnerable to ferroptosis, and investigates therapeutic approaches for ferroptosis targeting in cancer. Cancer is one of the most terrible illnesses that can kill a person worldwide. There are several ways to treat cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Analysis of the sensitivity of cancer cells to ferroptosis, which is impacted by their elevated reactive oxygen species levels and particular mutation profiles, opens up new possibilities for improving the efficacy of already used cancer treatments. This review included the state of knowledge about the induction and defence mechanisms of ferroptosis, the function and mechanisms of ferroptosis in tumor suppression, and treatment approaches for tumor-induced ferroptosis.

Effect of Particle Size and Fiber Loading on Some Properties of Sugarcane Bagasse Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester Composites

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In recent times, the use of sugarcane bagasse as reinforcement in plastic composites has been receiving greater scientific attention due to its abundance, light weight and good mechanical properties. This research has investigated the mechanical properties of the composite by hardness strength, impact strength, chemical resistant test, and water absorption test with different particle size and loading of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) as reinforcement in unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composite. Bagasse fiber was treated with sodium hydroxide (10%), potassium permanganate (5%), hydrogen peroxide (5%) to enhance better adhesion between the fiber and the matrix. Sugarcane bagasse reinforced unsaturated polyester resin composite was prepared using the compression molding technique, the mold was undergoing a curing process for 5 minutes with 130⁰c and 2.5Mpa of pressure. The result of the mechanical properties were eval_uated, the mechanical properties (flexural strength, hardness strength) increases with increase in bagasse content while the impact strength increase and then decreases, the maximum mechanical properties was obtained from the composite made of 400µ and 25 wt% fiber loading compared with the control sample. The improvement in the mechanical properties is attributed to the extent of good interaction between the fiber and the matrix. The composite show increase in water absorption with increasing fiber loading and increasing number of days up to when the samples reaches their saturation when no water absorption was observed, 25wt% of 710µ has the highest absorption and this is due to its bigger particle size and fiber loading. The mechanical and physical properties shows that the composite has potential applications in structural materials such as particle board, fiber board, library shelf’s, partitioning panels, ceiling boards.

Effect of Blended Instructional Strategy on Colleges of Education Students’ Achievement, and Retention in Electronics Technology in North-East Nigeria

Ishaku Zechariah, Patrick Duhu Chinda — Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the Effect of Blended Instructional Strategy on Colleges of Education Students’ Achievement, and Retention in Electronics Technology in North-East Nigeria. College of Education is one of the tertiary institutions in Nigerian alongside other institutions like polytechnics, monotechnics etc. However, Colleges of Education are the institutions that are exclusively saddled with the responsibility of training teachers who will in turn teach at the Junior Secondary School level of education in Nigeria. They are expected to realize the objectives of NCE (T) .This implies that the graduates should invariably be technologist as well as agents of technological advancement both in the classroom and in the society. Three research questions and eight hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. The study adopted Quasi -experimental design involving pre-test post-test control group. The population of the study was 73 Electronics Technology students in six Colleges of Education North-East Nigeria. The sample was 36 Electronics Technology students in three Colleges of Education. Digital Electronics Achievement Test (DEAT), Digital Electronics Retention Test (DERT) were developed by the researcher as the instruments for data collection. The validated DEAT and DERT were tested for internal consistency using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. The reliability coefficients of the instruments were found to be 0.915 and 0.895 respectively. Data were collected and analysed using SPSS the research questions were answered using mean, standard deviation while t-test, ANCOVA, ANOVA and Scheffe’s statistical tools were used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The results showed that there was significant difference in achievement test scores between BIS and TIS strategy in favour BIS. More so, the results show significant differences in students’ achievement retention in favour of BIS. Study also revealed that there was no significant difference in achievement test scores of male and female students when taught Digital Electronics using BIS as well as retention. The study concluded that and BIS enhanced the academic achievement, and retention in Digital Electronics Technology Students,. It was Recommended that BIS should be encourage in Colleges of Education Electronics Lesson Delivery.

Physicochemical Parameters in the Soil of Farin Gada Farm Jos North Local Government, Plateau

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Soil is a part of the earth that is made up of various mixtures, including organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Because soil is used to cultivate foods for animals worldwide, it plays a critical role in the global cultivation of wheat, rice, mustard, vegetables, and fruits, among other crops. Nigerian agriculture uses this soil, and the physical and chemical conditions of the land make it necessary to implement other management practices properly. For this reason, the physicochemical study of soil is very significant because it considers both the physical and chemical properties that affect soil productivity. This study the parameters of soil in order to improve the agricultural activities. The result of study shows that the Physicochemical properties of the soil samples at Farin Gada reveals that temperature of soil were found to be 27^oC, pH ranges from 6.38±0.09 to 7.47±0.50, conductivity ranges from 0.15±0.01 to 0.42±0.08, Moisture Contents ranges from 0.48±0.82 to13.17 ±0.8, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) ranges from0.53±0. to 0.54±0.86 and the organic matter ranges from 13.51±0.79 to 43.24±0.82, respectively.

A New Inverse Lomax Weibull-G Family of Distributions with Applications

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The field of statistics is constantly evolving, and new approaches are being developed to model real-world datasets. Despite this, there are still many significant concerns surrounding real data that remain unresolved by existing approaches. One of the drawbacks of the Inverse Lomax distribution is that it belongs to the inverted family of distributions, which limits its application and makes it unsuitable for some situations. Based on these, a new family of distributions called Inverse Lomax Weibull G (ILWG) based on the Inverse Lomax-G and Weibull-G was proposed in this study. Some statistical properties of the family such as the quantile function, moments, and characteristic function were presented. Exponential distribution was used as a member of this family to demonstrate the applicability of the new family. Some statistical properties of the Inverse Lomax Weibull exponential distribution (ILWED) such as quantile function, moments, and characteristic function were demonstrated. ILWED's shapes can be right skewed and symmetric, as the case maybe. Sample quantiles were presented. A simulation study was also presented to explore the desirable properties of the ILWED. Lastly, an application to three (3) different datasets was demonstrated based on the ILWED.

Assessment of Some Physicochemical Parameters around Gold Mining Areas of Rimi, Sumaila Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria

Wed, 31 Jul 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the physicochemical parameters of ten hand-dug wells in Rimi Sumaila L.G.A. of Kano State. The parameters studied were pH, electrical conductivity, hardness, alkalinity, and turbidity. As a result of the studies, pH was between 7.18 and 8.55. The result shows that some areas, including Kofar Gabas, Kofar Kudu, Kofar Arewa, Company I, Company II, Company III, U.Kachaka, U.Dukawa, and U.Kuka, are alkaline in nature, while the pH in Kofar Yamma was 7.18, which is neutral. The electrical conductivity shows variation, such that the lowest value of conductivity was observed in Company III at 142 µS/cm, while the highest value was observed at Kofar Gabas at 708 µS/cm. The hardness was ranged between 173 and 370 mg/L. The highest values were observed at Kofar Gabas, and the lowest values were observed at Ukuka. The total hardness of water is the total soluble magnesium and calcium salts present in the water, expressed as CaCO3. The alkalinity analyzed ranged between 14 and 38 mg/L. The highest values were observed at U. Dukawa and the lowest values were observed at U. Kachaka, and the turbidity of the water analyzed ranged between 1 and 8.3 NTU. The highest values were observed at Company I, and the lowest values were observed at K. Arewa and U. Kuka.