African Journal of Sciences and Traditional Medicine

Hypoglycaemic Potential of Methanol Stem-Bark Extract of Mangifera Indica in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Albino Rats and Its Toxicity Effect to Liver and Kidney

2024-07-16T09:41:58+00:00

Mangifera indica (MI), popularly known as mango belong to the genus Mangifera and family Anacardiacea. The leaves, stem bark and roots are used as herbal medicines worldwide. Mango possesses anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti- oxidant, anti-viral and anti-inflammatory properties. This research focuses on the hyperglycemic and antibacterial capacity of methanol stem bark extract of Mango tree in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats to combat its fatal consequences in humans. This work is carried out to determine the hypoglycemic capacity of methanol stem bark extract of Mangifera indica in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats at different volumes (ml) of administration, to also determine the antibacterial capacity of methanol stem bark extract of Mangifera indica in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats at different volumes (ml) of administration and to test the efficacy of methanol stem bark extract of Mangifera indica in alloxan-induced diabetic albino rats. Fresh stem bark (trunk) of Mangifera indica were collected in the Federal University Wukari school premises, were air dried for 21 days, pounded into powder, cold macerated in methanol, filtered and extract was gotten. 27 diseased-free (healthy) albino rats which were purchased at Yola, Adamawa State, were kept in different cages to enable proper analysis at the cause of the work. Results of liver function indices showed that treatments with 100 mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight of Mangifera indica stem bark methanolic extract were able to restore liver function parameters at different levels of concentrations. Treatments with standard drug and all the doses of the extract were able to counteract the elevated effect of alloxan in some kidney parameters such as serum urea level at 200mg/kg with (25.23±1.98a) and (1.05 ±0.14a) for creatinine at 200mg/kg respectively. The result of this study shows that the stem back extract possessed as an agent for hypoglycaemic. These can serve as possible source of raw material for pharmaceutical products. However, the extract is found not to be harmful to the liver and kidney and should be used as health remedy for certain diseases such as hyperglycaemic and bacterial effects.

Phytochemical Analysis, Anti-Microbial and Anti-Tuberculosis Activities of Methanol Extract of Piliostigma Thonnigii Leaves Extract

2024-08-31T11:35:11+00:00

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial, anti-tuberculosis, and phytochemical screening properties of a crude extract of P. thoningii leaves from the Girei local government area in Adamawa state, Nigeria. Standard procedures were used for phytochemical screening, and the disc diffusion method was used for evaluations of antibacterial sensitivity and anti-tuberculosis activity. When leaves extract was screened phytochemically, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenol, terpenoid, quinone, and resins were found, but tannin and saponins were not. The greatest concentration of 500 ug/ml was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity against various pathogens. The results indicated that the zone of inhibition for E. Coli was 19 mm, for Staphyloccocus aureu it was 17 mm, for Salmonella typhi it was 20 mm, for Klabsiella pneumonia it was 26 mm, and for pseudomonas it was 22 mm. With a positive control of streptomycine, 30 ug at 28 mm inhibitory zone, anti-tuberculosis activity shown that the bacteria growth was suppressed at different concentrations of 500 ug/ml (12 mm), 250 ug/ml (9 mm), 125 ug/ml (8 mm), and 6.25 ug/ml (7 mm) growth. This study highlights the P. thoningii plant's potential as a source for the development of anti-tuberculosis (TB) drugs.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Potential of Methanol Stem–Bark Extract of Mangifera Indica

2024-07-16T09:55:56+00:00

Medicinal plants have served through the ages, as a constant source of medicaments for the exposure of variety of diseases. The history of herbal medicine is as old as human civilization. The plants are known to provide a rich source of botanical anthelmintic, antibacterial and insecticides. Mangifera indica (MI), popularly known as mango belong to the genus Mangifera and family Anacardiacea. The leaves, stem bark and roots are used as herbal medicines worldwide. In antibacterial analysis, higher growth inhibition rate was observed at 400 ug/ml for Klebsiella pneumonia with 20.55 + 1.26μg/mL indicating that the extract has effect at a higher concentration than when treated at a lower concentration. In blood glucose level analysis, administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of Mangifera indica stem bark methanolic extract showed reduced blood glucose level in day 14 with 5.11 ± 0.14a of treatment when compared to normal control.

Analyzing the Mathematical Impact of Vaccination in Mitigating Rift Valley Fever Spread among Livestock

2024-07-16T13:03:39+00:00

The persistence mechanisms of Rift Valley fever (RVF), a zoonotic arboviral hemorrhagic fever, are not fully understood and need thorough quantification at both local and broader geographical scales. Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis primarily transmitted by mosquitoes, predominantly affecting livestock with the potential to impact humans. The virus has the capacity for rapid spread, posing a potential epidemic threat to both human and the livestock. The transmission dynamics of Rift Valley Fever (RVF) involving mosquitoes and livestock are investigated and analyzed through a compartmental model, with vaccination considered as a control measure. The basic reproduction number ( ) is calculated using the next-generation matrix, indicating that the disease-free equilibrium state is locally asymptotically stable when ( ). This suggests that Rift Valley Fever could be controlled in a livestock population where the reproduction number is below 1, but it becomes endemic when ( ). Sensitivity analysis identifies key parameters for consideration by livestock policy makers and veterinary workers. Numerical simulations offer insightful results to delve deeper into the disease dynamics, considering the efficacy of vaccination and other control measures introduced in the model.

Modification and Application of Dye Extract from Tectona Grandis on Cotton Fabric

2024-07-16T13:11:15+00:00

The natural dye was extracted from Tectona grandis using a soxhlet extractor, and a percentage yield of 16.84% was obtained. The color of the dye extract is maroon, and after the dye extract was modified, the color changed to brown. The modified dye was characterized using FTIR, AMF, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results of the FTIR suggested the presence of C-H, C=C, C=O, N-H, C-O-C, C-Cl, and C-Br functional groups. The AFM suggests that the area roughness is 629.9 nm in the 25μm×25μm scan area. The UV shows a maximum wavelength of 581 nm with an absorbance of 0.074. The chromophore of the modified dye extract is -N=N- and C=O. The modified dye was applied to the cotton fabrics. The color fastness to washing shows that 3–4 and 4 were experienced for color change and staining, respectively, while the color fastness to rubbing shows that 4-5 and 4 were experienced for dry and wet rubbing, respectively. The outcome of color fastness shows that the modified dye has a good affinity to remain on the fabric. We therefore recommend the use of different kinds of mordants to improve the affinity of cotton fabric.

Effects of Methanol Extract of Gongronema Latifolium Leaves on Glycaemic Responses to Carbohydrate Diets in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

2024-07-29T09:23:30+00:00

The search for natural plant extract as an alternative therapy to diabetes management has received enormous recognition globally. In this study, the effects of the methanol extracts of Gongronema latifolium leaves (GLE) on glycaemic responses to carbohydrate diets [obtained from cassava (Manihot esculenta), yam (Dioscorea rotundata) and plantain (Musa paradisiaca)] in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats was investigated. Forty five adult male Wistar albino rats were induced diabetes by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (65 mg/kg b.w.) dissolved in citrate buffer, pH 4.5. The diabetic rats were divided into nine groups of 5 animals each. Group 1: the Positive control (diabetic, untreated) was fed with water only, group 2: the standard control (diabetic, treated) received 2.50mg/kg b.w of glibenclamide, a standard drug for diabetes, group 3, 4 ad 5 (carbohydrate diets treated only) were orally fed with 200 mg/kg b.w. of cassava diet, 200 mg/kg b.w. of yam diet and 200 mg/kg b.w. of plantain diet respectively, group 6, 7 ad 8 (GLE mixed with carbohydrate diets treated) were orally fed with 200 mg/kg b.w. of cassava mixed with 100 mg/kg b.w. of GLE, 200 mg/kg b.w. of yam mixed with 100 mg/kg b.w. of GLE and 200 mg/kg b.w. of plantain mixed with 100 mg/kg b.w. of GLE respectively, while group 9 (GLE treated only) was fed with 100 mg/kg b.w. of GLE only. The experiment lasted for 21 days with free access to feed and water. Animals’ weights were measured on weekly basis as well as estimation of fasting blood sugar (FBG) and postprandial blood glucose (PBG). Results revealed that, administration of carbohydrate diets led to a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in body weights of the diabetic rats fed with carbohydrate diets. Conversely, administration of the GLE mixed with the diets caused a significant (p > 0.05) increase in body weights of the diabetic rats compared to the positive control. However, treatment with GLE alone showed a more effectuality which is comparable to that of the standard drug in restoring weight loss. In addition, the results of blood glucose estimation revealed a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in both fasting blood glucose (FBG) and Postprandial blood glucose (PBG) in animals fed with carbohydrate diets when compared to the positive control, but a significant (p < 0.05) decrease was observed in both parameters upon the admiistration of GLE mixed with carbohydrate diets. Similarly, administration of GLE alone caused an increase in both FBG and PBG which was significant (p < 0.05) compared to group fed with GLE mixed with carbohydrate diets. Howbeit, GLE elicited more potent and efficacious response when compared to the standard drug. Herein, we therefore deduce that methanolic extracts of G. latifolium leaves exhibited hypoglycaemic responses in the diabetic rats and the plant could be a worthwhile candidate in the design of a potent antidiabetic drug.

Genetic Characterization of Tilapia Fish Species in the University Fish Farm, Umudike, Niger Delta, Eastern Nigeria

2024-07-29T09:30:05+00:00

This study was aimed at identification and characterization of tilapia species farmed in the University Fish Farm Umudike. Dichotonomous key was employed in the application of morphometric and meristic parameters in the characterization. Molecular characterization was carried out using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primer by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) amplification. A total of three hundred (300) fish samples suspected to be tilapia were collected from the University Fish Farm for the study. Eleven (11) morphometric and five (5) meristic counts were studied. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the caudal fin tissues of sixty- six (66) samples from the three hundred fish samples using the Chlorophenol Isoamyl alcohol Method. Morphometric and meristic parameters were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which separated all sampled tilapia species statistically into three different groups, showing specifically the parameters that accounted for this variation. The first 7 components explained 91.382 % total variability among the groups with body depth cosntributing 25.226 %, body weight 50.133 %, total length 5.969 %, standard length 3.9178 %, caudal peduncle 3.406 %, head length 3.1518 %, dorsal fin base length contributing 2.6903 % of the total variability. Cluster analysis (CA) was based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The study revealed mostly polymorphic bands from all 10 RAPD primers with a size ranged from 300 – 1000 base pairs (bp). Wide range of intra specific variation was observed within the species. Results obtained revealed that 3 distinct groups of tilapia with resemblance of Oreochromis niloticus, Sarotherodon galilaeus and Hemichromis fasciatus were present in the University fish farm. From the study, body depth and length of caudal peduncle were some of the natural markers that successfully separated all sampled species. The information obtained from this study in future could be employed in improvement programme for enhanced economic benefit of tilapia faming in Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike (MOUAU) Fish Farm.

Haematological Studies of the Effects of Nauclea Latifolia Ethanolic Root Extracts in Rats

2024-07-29T09:41:52+00:00

Nauclea latifolia (Smith) (Family: Rubiaceae) also known as ‘Pin Cushion tree’ or ‘African Peach’ is a struggling shrub, native in tropical Africa and Asia where the use of folk medicine is preval_ent and the search for herbal cure is but common practise. Extraction of the root of Nauclea latifolia with ethanol yielded the ethanol extract. The effects of the ethanolic extract of N. latifolia on haematological parameters showed a significant elevation (p < 0.05) in packed cell volume (PCV), white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and the white blood cell differentials compared to the control group which could be protective mechanisms against infections.

Synthesis and Characterisation of Calcined Zeolite X and Silica-Supported Zeolite Y

2024-07-29T09:47:42+00:00

Zeolite X was synthesised from rice husk silica and aluminium metal as raw materials while Zeolite Y supported catalyst was synthesised from sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate and alumina as chemical raw materials and was impregnated with rice husk silica by wet impregnation method, the catalyst were subsequently calcined at 550 ⁰C for 6h the catalysts were characterised using XRD, FTIR and SEM. The formation of AlO₄/SiO₄ catalyst was confirmed by the analysis aforementioned. The XRD revealed that Zeolite X and Y synthesized has a faujasite phase with major peaks 230, 22.50 and 17.50, 180 in zeolite X and Y respectively, SEM confirmed the composition of crystallite shapes of irregular, cubic and rectangular shape. FTIR analyses revealed the presence of functional groups (The signal at the silica-alumina vibrational regions (1300 – 300 cm^-1) indicates that SiO₄ or AlO₄ are linked) associated with Zeolites.

Assessment of Water Quality Index in Some Selected Local Government Area of Taraba State

2024-08-31T11:35:41+00:00

Using the water quality index (WQI) technique, this study was conducted to evaluate the water quality for drinking purposes in a few chosen local governments in Taraba State. The goal of WQI assessment is to combine various physicochemical properties of water into a single figure that both specialists and laypeople can understand. Twelve important physico-chemical parameters used in the aggregation of the WQI were: Sulphate, Phosphate, Magnesium, Turbidity, pH, Electrical conductivity (EC), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Nitrate (NO 3), calcium, hardness, fluoride and chloride composition. The water samples analyzed were obtained from three different sources in the selected areas. The comparison of the physicochemical parameters' results with the standards suggested by WHO and NSDWQ revealed that, with the exception of fluoride in some samples, they were within the limits defined by these organisations. The results of the WQI computation revealed that the index values ranged from 50.0, which is "poor" and unfit for consumption, to 42.20, which falls within the "good" water quality category and is suitable for human consumption and other domestic uses.

The Devastating Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Plant Growth and Development: Unveiling Phytotoxicity and Exploring Remediation Strategies

2024-07-29T12:55:34+00:00

Heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to plant growth and development, leading to reduced crop yields, impaired ecosystem functioning, and potential human health risks. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the phytotoxic effects of heavy metals on plant species, highlighting the mechanisms of uptake, transport, and accumulation. We explore the devastating impacts on plant morphology, physiology, and biochemistry, including altered root architecture, reduced photosynthesis, and impaired reproductive development. This review highlights the urgent need for effective remediation approaches to mitigate the phytotoxic effects of heavy metals and ensure sustainable ecosystem functioning. We identify knowledge gaps and future research directions, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to address this critical environmental issue.

Extraction, Characterization and Application of Natural Dye Extract from Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) on Cotton Fabric

2024-07-29T13:02:35+00:00

Using a Soxhlet system, natural dye was extracted from beetroot (Beta vulgaris) and applied to cotton fabric. With the use of FT-IR, GC-MS, and UV-visible spectroscopy, the extracted dye was analyzed. On the cotton cloth that had been dyed, the properties of scouring, wash fastness, and light fastness were assessed. Using a mordant, the cotton fabric was treated with the natural dye extract. The dye extract has a red colour. According to the FTIR characterization data suggested the presence of N-H, C-H, C=C, C-H, C-N and C-Cl functional groups in the dye extract. Fifty one compounds were isolated and identified by the GC-MS Melezitose, 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and 4-Mercaptophenol has the higest percentage area (70.19 %) and Cis-10-Nonadecenoic acid, 9-Octadecenoic acid, (E)-, and cis-Vaccenic acid has the lowest percentage area (0.07%). N-H and C=C were the chromophores found in the dye extract.The color fastness to wasshing test revealed that the materials' fastness grade increased to a range of 3, indicating a fair grade of fastness, when the dye was applied using SnCl₂ as a mordant.While the color fastness to light showed that cotton fabric was dyed with mordants, the fastness grade increased to a range of 5, which indicates a moderate fading resistance, when the dye was applied to the fabrics using FeSO₄ as the mordant. Using K₂Cr₂O₇ as the mordant, the fastness grade slightly decreases to a range of 1, indicating very poor grade of fastness. The result of colour fastness and SnCl₂ light fastness of the dye demonstrated a moderate resistance to fading and a fair color look on cotton fabric. The colour fastness to rubbing showed that 3-4 and 2-3 colour changes were experienced for dry and wet rubbing respectively with mordant. The outcome of colour fastness of the dye showed a very good affinity to remain on the fabric when mordant was applied.

Application of Detergent as Enhancer in Cassava Flour Processing: A Threat to Life

2024-07-29T13:08:43+00:00

Introduction: Cassava flour is a processed product from Cassava tuber (Manihot esculenta Crantz) as a staple food, it is a major source of carbohydrate. Due to effects of climate related variables (dry and rain season) on the production and processing of cassava, rural dwellers have adopted the practice of using detergent (linear alkyl benzene sulfonate, LABS) to enhance the process of fermentation of cassava. Purpose of the Study: The study on the application of detergent as enhancer in cassava flour processing: A threat to life was purposely designed to substantiate the assertion that, detergent are used to aid fermentation of cassava. Materials and Methods: Samples of cassava tubers were randomly collected from three (3) farms, they were peeled, washed and soaked in detergents of concentrations; 0.05g/L, 0.1g/L and 0.5g/L and their rates of fermentation and pH were monitored, a control (sample without detergent) was also set up for comparison. A total of three (3) cassava flour were obtained from Wukari market, North Eastern Nigeria and were subjected to the same analysis with other samples in the laboratory. All samples were characterized with Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), titrimetric method for residual detergent (LABS) and Flame photometer for Na concentrations. Results: The results obtained showed that the sample with least concentration of detergent (0.05 g/L) fermented within 48 hrs without objectionable odour, followed by 0.1 g/L at 54 hrs and 0.5 g/L at 68 hrs, the control sample fermented after 72 hrs with undesirable odour. The results of FTIR and Flame Photometer indicate the presence of Silicate, Azide and Na in both samples. Conclusion: The findings have proved that some of the Cassava Flour sold within Wukari Metropolis contained high concentration of residual LABS and sodium which have adverse effect on humans.

Prevalence of Malaria Parasite Among Students of Federal University Wukari, Taraba State, Nigeria

2024-08-31T11:36:23+00:00

This study examined the prevalence of malaria parasite among students of Federal University Wukari, Taraba state, Nigeria. This study adopted experimental (survey) design, Primary data was obtained from the Students of Federal University Wukari to access the prevalence of Malaria infection, and the sample size calculated approximately to be 400 as the baseline sample size of our study to avoid bias in the selection of the tertiary students. Chi-square test was used to determine the mean differences in prevalence between age groups and gender at 95% confidence level using Statistical Package of Social Sciences at P-values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. The findings of the study revealed that the prevalence of malaria infection among the students examined was 57.0%, P. falciparum (57.90%) is more incident species infecting the student, it is also indicated that the males have a higher prevalence rate (57.0%) than their female counterparts (43.0%) and the difference in age do not vary significantly in the infection of malaria rather the prevalence is a function of exposure rather than age. Therefore, the enforcement of the rule on frequent public sanitation within the university hostels by the university management is essential and recommended, and he university management should periodically educate students on the need to use a mosquito bed net, fumigation, and indoor residual spray in their surroundings among other recommendations.

Effects of Drug Abuse on Academic Performance Among Undergraduate Students in Federal University Wukari, Taraba State

2024-07-29T21:57:54+00:00

This paper conducted a questionnaire survey at the Federal University of Wukari on the effects of drug abuse on academic performance among undergraduate students. The study aimed to investigate the effects of drug abuse on academic performance among undergraduate students. Descriptive statistics and an independent two-sample t-test were used for the data analysis. The results revealed significant differences in academic performance between drug abuse and non-drug abuse groups, with nicotine emerging as the most commonly abused drug among the surveyed students. The findings of this study highlight the need for attention to substance abuse issues among undergraduate students. While drug abuse was preval_ent, its direct impact on academic performance appeared to be nuanced. The study therefore recommends the need to implement targeted substance abuse prevention programs tailored to the specific needs and challenges faced by undergraduate students.

Designing a Novel Hybrid Material: Hydroxyl Iron (III) – Bentonite, Kaolinte Composites for Enhanced Phenol Removal from Wastewater: A Comparative Study

2024-07-30T05:21:17+00:00

sources. This study examines Hydroxyiron (III) bentonite (HBC) and kaolin (HKC) composites for phenol removal from aqueous solutions (5–25 mg/L). The composites, produced by mixing bentonite and kaolin with Hydroxyiron (III) in a 3:1 ratio and calcined at 600°C for 1 hour, were tested at pH 2-11 and 25°C, with adsorbent dosages from 0.5 to 2.5 g in 50 mL solutions. Adsorption thermodynamics were developed for 1 hour, and kinetics experiments were performed at 25°C with a range of 10-60 minutes. Adsorption capacity increased with time, temperature, and concentration. HBC and HKC had pH values of 7.20 and 7.37, pHzpc of 10.10 and 11.00, conductivities of 1.657 and 1.763 μS/cm, bulky densities of 1.214 and 1.185 g/cm³, and attrition rates of 27.21% and 27.91%, respectively. XRF, FTIR, and SEM analyses confirmed hydroxyl group presence, indicating hydrogen bonding with phenol. The Blanchard pseudo-second order model best described HBC (R² = 0.906), and the pseudo-first order model best described HKC (R² = 0.957). Data fit the Langmuir model, indicating monolayer adsorption. Positive enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy values showed endothermic and non-spontaneous adsorption, with physisorption dominating chemisorption. Maximum adsorption efficiencies were 79.952% for HBC and 75.600% for HKC at 60 minutes, suggesting HBC is a more effective adsorbent. These results indicate that HBC and HKC can be used to remove organic pollutants from wastewater.

Exploring the Degradation of Malachite Green Using Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes

2024-07-30T05:31:17+00:00

The degradation of Malachite green (MG) dye was studied using Fenton and Photo-Fenton processes. Batch experiment was conducted for the effect of pH at the range of (3–12), initial concentration at 50–250mg/L, effect of catalyst dosage of 0.2-1.0g, contact time (10–60min) and temperature (303–318) were eval_uated. For each experiment, the reactor was loaded with 30mL of 50mg/L of MG aqueous solution and 20ml of 50mmol of hydrogen peroxide to which 0.5g of the ferrous catalyst was added. As investigated, the degradation capacity of Fenton and Photo Fenton was favoured by an increase in dosage, concentration, and contact time. While degradation decreases with increase in temperature and pH. The optimum pH for the degradation of MG was found to be 3. The experimental data of MG fitted better into Freundlich equation indicating multilayer degradation. Also the Kinetic data fitted more into pseudo second order than in pseudo first order equation for both Fenton and photo Fenton suggesting chemisorptions as the rate limiting step. The negative value of enthalpy change (∆H), entropy change (∆S) and Gibbs free energy (∆G) indicating that the degradation of Malachite Green was exothermic and spontaneous, meaning that physisorption dominate chemisorptions. Overall, Fenton and Photo Fenton as investigated in the present study; it is an evident that Photo-Fenton has higher potency for degradation of Malachite green than that of Fenton.

Assessment of Fish Fauna In Oguta Lake, Imo State, Niger Delta, Eastern Nigeria

2024-07-30T05:36:53+00:00

A fifty-seven (57) week investigation was carried out from September, 2019 to September, 2020 covering wet and dry seasons, to determine the fish fauna and its nomenclature in the Oguta Lake, Imo state, Niger Delta, eastern Nigeria. This research work was aimed at providing information on the fish stock and fish identification. During the assessment, fish samples were randomly collected from fishers twice weekly from five sampling stations along the River. The fishes collected were counted, and identified with identification keys. Species diversity and catches were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA P<0.05) and Pearson correlation (2 tailed). The diversity and relative abundance were determined using standard methods. Results revealed that, the River was composed of 43 fish species belonging to 18 families, 10 orders and 29 genera from a total catch of 4,250. Fish species diversity was reported highest in the family Cichlidae (18.60%), Characidae (13.95%), Mormyridae and Bagridae (9.30%), Mochokidae (6.98%), Citharinidae; Clariidae; Schilbeidae; Polypteridae and Channidae (4.65%), Cyprinidae; Distichodontidae; Notopteridae; Hepsetidae; Malapteruridae; Osteoglossidae; Protopteridae and Gymnarchidae (2.33%). Fishing gears used were cast nets , gill nets, gura net traps, seine nets, drag nets, dugout canoe, drift nets, longlines, hooks and lines, baskets; spears. This river showed high fish species diversity, although some species showed higher diversity values than others due to fish gear types, mesh size, duration and station. There was a very high correlation of fish species in station 2, 3 and 4; there was no correlation of species in station 5 with stations 4, 3, 2 and 1. This study could serve as a baseline data to relevant bodies in the management and sustainability of the fisheries resources. The human activities along the Oguta Lake should be checked to avoid undue alteration of the ecosystem and subsequently the fishing grounds and fish species habitats. The fish species of this lake is said to be endangered of its fish species abundance and distribution.

Proximate Composition and Bacteriological Quality of Some Vegetables Sold in Parts of Taraba State, North-Eastern Nigeria

2024-07-30T05:46:25+00:00

Market-sold fresh vegetables are subjected to a variety of contaminants or pollutants. The proliferation of microorganisms, like bacteria, in food is caused by growth-promoting environmental conditions. Determining the bacterial quality and proximate composition of some lettuce and cabbage sold in certain areas of Taraba State is the goal of this study. The samples were collected from Taraba North (Jalingo and Zing Markets) and Taraba South (Wukari and Donga Markets), and their nutritional makeup or proximate composition was determined using method adopted from Association of Official Analytical Chemists and bacterial count was carried out using pour plate method. The mean moisture content of the vegetables was higher in cabbage (95.41±0.04) and lettuce (96.82±0.52) from Donga. Lettuce and cabbage from Jalingo had ash content of 0.99±0.04 and 0.91±0.04 respectively. Cabbage (0.70±0.88) and lettuce (0.85±0.026) from Jalingo and Zing respectively were found to have a high protein composition. The cabbage samples from Wukari (0.60±0.04) and Jalingo (0.38±0.02) had higher mean lipid contents. Cabbage from Wukari had a higher mean fibre composition (3.95±0.10). The amount of carbohydrates in lettuce from Wukari was found to be higher (3.94±0.08). The total bacterial count mean values were higher in the cabbage sample collected from the Zing market (1.43×107±1.43×105) and higher in the fresh lettuce sample collected from Wukari market (1.52×107±4.9×105). Bacterial contamination can cause vegetables to deteriorate and lose important nutrients. Vegetables sold in markets should therefore be properly washed and prepared before eating.

Analysis of Technical Efficiency of Groundnut Production in Wukari Local Government Area of Taraba State, Nigeria

2024-08-10T10:30:48+00:00

The study analyzed the technical efficiency of groundnut production in Wukari Local Government of Taraba State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed in the study with the use of 120 structured questionnaires. The result showed that majority of the farmers were male with mean age of 39.18 years. Majority (53.35%) were married, the average mean of the household size was 7.14 and farm size was 3.61, which was acquired through inheritance (42.5%). Also, 30.8% of the respondents used family labor and 57.5% of the respondents having <100000 as their income level. Average gross margin for groundnut production in the study area was N147,513.92/ha. The return on investment was estimated to be N0.55, which implies that for every N1 expended, the farmer is expected to earn N0.55 in return. The result from the technical efficiency showed that farm size, fertilizer, seed and labour were all significant while the result from the technical inefficiency showed that educational level, farming experience, age and farm size were all significant. In conclusion, the study shows that groundnut production is a profitable business and was recommended that groundnut producers be encouraged to increase their scale of production to increase their yield, stakeholders in the sector should make provision for incentives such as in-service extension training to improve groundnut productivity also, implementation of policies that would encourage farm owners to form cooperative/organization or join the existing ones in the study area.

Analysis of Bioactive Constituents (HPLC) of Chloroform Leaf Extract from Kalanchoe pinnata in Takum, Taraba State Nigeria

2024-08-15T12:45:44+00:00

HPLC techniques were employed to analyze the bioactive components of the chloroform leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata leaf from Takum in Taraba State. A botanist from Taraba State University's Department of Biological Sciences in Jalingo identified the plant leaves, which were then gathered, cleaned, and processed. Using cold maceration, extraction was done by weighing 1500g of the powdered leaf into 1 liter of ethanol and distill water, respectively. Until further investigation, the extracts were stored in a refrigerator in a firmly closed container. The injection valve was used for the HPLC analysis, and the conditions were 20 μl, a UV variable wavelength detector (set at 300 nm), reprosol 100 C8mn, 5 μm 4.6 x 150mm column (30°C), and sensitivity of 0.001. Phosphate buffer (v/v) was used as an aqueous solvent (A) and CH3CN as an organic solvent (B) in HPLC. Gradient elution of the analytes occurred at a flow rate of 1 milliliter per minute. Software generated chromatograms. Operating temperature of the HPLC instrument was room temperature (23 ± 2°C). After injecting 20 μl of each diluted extract into the HPLC three times, the average peak areas were produced and utilized for quantification. Based on the HPLC analysis, the chloroform leaf extract of Kalanchoe pinnata contained the following bioactive constituents: quercetin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Additionally, the presence of vitamins B1 and B3 was also noted. The different bioactive constituents eluted at different retention times, and their respective amounts were also detected.

Stembark Methanol Extract of P. americana: Total Antioxidant Capacity, Total Flavonoids Content, Total Phenolics Content and Its Flavonoids, Vitamins and Amino Acids Profile

2024-08-15T12:56:00+00:00

This research investigated the total antioxidant capacity, total flavonoids content, total phenolics content as well the flavonoids, vitamins and amino acids profile of stembark methanol extract of P. americana. Plant materials have been known be rich source of various medicinal active ingredients. These may include alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and tannins as well as nutritional components including sugars, amino acids as well as proteins in addition to other vital components. The stembark of P. americana was harvested in its plant in Baissa, Taraba State, Nigeria. The plant material was air dried and pulverized and soaked in methanol for 72 hours before filtration. The filtrate was further concentrated using rotary evaporator and water bath. The concentrate was analyzed for total antioxidant capacity using DPPH, flavonoids content using aluminium chloride and phenolics content using folin ciocaltue. Flavonoids, vitamins and amin acids profile was determined using HPLC. The result total antioxidant capacity shows that inhibition increased with concentration with the 100µL/100mL had inhibition percentage of 87.88% whereas the lowest concentration of 31.25µL/100mLhad the inhibition percentage of 40.14%. The results for total flavonoid content and total phenolics content show significant levels with 42.21±0.23mg QE/100g and 33.65±3.02mg GAE/100g respectively. The result for flavonoid and phenolics profile reveals that quercetin and caffeic acid phenyl ester were identified with 0.50% and 99.50% respectively. For vitamins, vitamin K was detected with 0.40%, vitamin B1 with 80.20% and vitamin B2 with 19.50% abundance. There seven different amino acids identified, these include asparagine, threonine, phenylalanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, leucine and arginine. The outcomes reveal that the plant material could possess important phytochemicals which could be used in disease treatment as well as vital macromolecules that can be used as supplements.

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels in Cereals and Leguminous Grains Selected Cereals and Leguminous Grains Retailed in Wukari, Taraba State

2024-08-16T12:45:01+00:00

Aflatoxins are group of secondary fungal metabolites produced by Aspergillus species, such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The aflatoxin producing moulds can grow on cereals and legumes in the field, poorly dried harvested crops in storage, processed food, and feed products. The study was carried out with the aim to determine the level of aflatoxin contamination of cereals grain and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State Nigeria. A total Sixty-three (63) samples were procured from different vendors from the markets namely, new and old markets in Wukari and Dorowa Market, which comprises of 3 samples each of millet, maize, rice, groundnut, sesame seeds and soy beans. The samples were grounded and extracted with 80% (v/v) methanol. The enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique was used in quantifying the total aflatoxin content of the samples. The results revealed that there were no significant differences in the aflatoxin levels of shelled melon seeds while there was a significant difference in shelled groundnut, soybeans and millet samples purchased from all the markets. Aflatoxin levels in cereals and legumes retailed in Wukari, Taraba State ranged from 0.57-1.17µg/kg in shelled groundnut samples, 0.47-2.27µg/kg in shelled melon samples, 1.53-3.17µg/kg in sesame seed samples, 0.10-0.20µg/kg in soybean samples, 3.11-13.10µg/kg in maize samples, 6.13-15.4µg/kg in millet samples, and 0.471.0µg/kg in parboiled rice samples. the levels of aflatoxin in the samples which was observed to be highest in millet sample procured from Dorowa market with a value of 15.43±0.15% and lowest in soy bean bean sample procured from Dorowa and New market Wukari with a value of 0.10±0.00%. These aflatoxin levels were within the permissible limits for total aflatoxins recommended by FDA and NAFDAC for all products intended for food, hence these cereals and legumes analysed in this study are safe for human consumption.

Enhancing Water Health Monitoring with ML Techniques for Detection of Coliform Bacteria: A Review

2024-08-31T11:40:28+00:00

Water health monitoring is critical for ensuring safe drinking water and preventing waterborne diseases. Traditional methods for detecting coliform bacteria, including culture-based techniques and biochemical tests, are well-established but face limitations such as time consumption, high costs, and labor intensity, particularly in resource-limited settings like Nigeria. Recent cholera outbreaks in Nigeria have underscored the urgent need for more effective and timely water quality monitoring solutions. This review explores the application of machine learning (ML) techniques in enhancing the detection of coliform bacteria, offering a promising alternative to traditional methods. ML approaches, including Support Vector Machines (SVMs), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), and Ensemble Methods, are evaluated for their potential to provide faster, more accurate, and scalable detection of coliform contamination. The review highlights key challenges, such as data quality, computational demands, and infrastructure limitations, and discusses real-world case studies demonstrating the practical applications and limitations of ML techniques. The integration of ML models into water monitoring systems shows considerable promise but requires addressing critical issues related to data quality and model feasibility in low-resource settings. Future research directions include exploring hybrid systems that combine ML with traditional methods, leveraging emerging technologies like edge computing, and enhancing model robustness through innovative data strategies. By advancing the application of ML in water health monitoring, it is possible to improve public health outcomes and effectively manage waterborne diseases.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Liver Function of Wistar Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts

2024-08-16T13:01:54+00:00

In this study ALT and AST levels of experimental rats were significantly (p<0.05) increased from 11.91 ± 0.20 and 11.83 ± 0.40 to 57.23 ± 0.24 and 59.29 ± 0.50 respectively due to intoxication with aluminum chloride. When rats were treated with ethanol and aqueous extracts of Moringa oleifera at 100 mg/kg the levels of ALT dropped down to 11.62 ± 0.40 and 11.61 ± 0.17 respectively and the AST levels dropped to 11.39 ± 0.25 and 11.42 ± 0.15 respectively. A further increase in the concentrations of both extracts to 400 mg/kg resulted to a significant elevation of ALT 11.93 ± 0.17 (ethanol) and 11.94 ± 0.07 (aqueous) and AST 11.77 ± 0.25 (ethanol) and 11.78 ± 0.15 (aqueous). AST and ALT are common liver enzymes because of their higher concentrations in hepatocytes, but only ALT is remarkably specific for liver function. Therefore, an elevation in serum concentration of ALT is an indication of liver damage. The preliminary phytochemical screening for seed extracts of Moringa oleifera revealed that flavonoids, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, steroids and reducing sugars tannins were present in both the ethanol and aqueous extracts. Saponins and tannins were only found in the aqueous and ethanol extracts respectively. Experiments to observe for lethal conditions or changes in behavior showed no lethality or behavioral change at doses of 10, 100, 1000, 1600 and 2900 mg/kg bw. Weakness and drowsiness was exhibited at a dosage of 5000 mg/kg bw but no death occurred within 24 hrs. of administration.

Effects of Brassica oleraceae Leaves on Serum Liver Function of Wistar Rats Intoxicated with Prednisolone

2024-08-16T13:08:33+00:00

The recent study investigated the effects of ethanol extract of Brassica oleracaeae leaves on prednisolone induced toxicity in male albino rats. Liver markers were assayed in order to investigate the toxic effect of prednisolone and the ameliorating effects of the extract. Sixteen (16) rats grouped in to four (n=4) were administered prednisolone and ethanol leaves extract based on the experimental design. The male albino rats were sacrificed after the experimental period of fourteen (14) days, blood was collected for assay of the liver function by ocular puncture. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were significantly (p<0.05) increased from 5.67 ± 5.13 and 6.67 ±7.02 to 26.67 ± 8.02 and 25.00 ± 4.00 respectively when rats where administered with prednisolone toxicity. Upon treatment of rats with ethanol leaves extract of B. oleraceae at 100mg/kg, the concentration of AST and ALT were lowered to 7.67 ± 6.81 and 8.00 ± 7.55 respectively. A further increased in the concentration of the extract to 300mg/kg resulted to a significant (p<0.05) increased of AST (9.33 ± 8.12) and ALT (12.00 ± 10.00) levels. Similarly, the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Albumin increases in the group that were administered with prednisolone however, when rats were treated with ethanol leaves extract of Brassica oleracaeae such concentrations were decreased. The findings of this study can be concluded that, the ethanol leaves extract of Brassica oleracaeae showed capacity in ameliorating the effects induced by prednisolone intoxication.

Effects of AlCl3 on the Enzymatic Antioxidants of Wister Rats Treated with Moringa oleifera Seed Extracts

2024-08-16T13:17:18+00:00

Determination of Malondialdehyde, MDA in blood plasma or tissue homogenates is one of the useful methods to predict the oxidative stress levels. The current study investigates the ameliorative effects of the seed extracts of Moringa oleifera on 35 albino rats induced with AlCl₃ toxicity. Biomarkers of oxidative stress (Superoxide Dismutase, SOD; Catalase, CAT; Glutathione Peroxidase, GPx and Malondialdehyde, MDA were assayed. The plant seed extracts were shown to reduce the levels of MDA increased by AlCl₃. AlCl₃ caused decrease in (glutathione peroxidase) GPx levels as it causes MDA to significantly get elevated. The results showed that GPx decreased from 9.48 ± 0.86 to 6.68 ± 1.73 but upon treatments with 100 mg/kg bw of M. oleifera, GPx levels increased to 8.84 ± 0.86 (ethanol) and 8.96 ± 0.86 (aqueous). Increasing the concentrations of the extracts further increased the GPx levels while MDA were reduced.

Fish Composition of Kwanar Farakwai Reservoir Igabi, Kaduna State, Nigeria

2024-08-16T13:21:43+00:00

The research titled ‘Determination of Physico-Chemical Characteristics and Fish Composition of Kwanar Farakwai Reservoir Igabi, kaduna State, Nigeria’was conducted between July 2019 to June 2020. Reservoirs are natural or artificial lakes that provide habitat and food for many species of fish and wildlife. They are of significant importance because they hold populations of diverse fish species. A total of 942 fish comprising fourteen species belonging to 7 families were caught using an experimental gill net. Oreochromis niloticus dominated the catches with 405(43%) followed by Clarias gariepinus with 221 (23.46%). Monthly abundance of all the fish species caught, showed the highest in the month of October with 206 (21.87%), While January recorded 159 (16.88%) and the lowest was in June, 20 (2.12%). Fourteen species of fish belonging to Seven families with Cichlidae (53.5%) and Clariidae (39.7%) as the dominant families in both number and weight in the reservoir were recorded.

Phytochemical Analysis of Carrot, Red Pepper, Spinach and Lettuce Cultivated at Ajiwa, Batagarawa, Lambun Sarki and Dankama Vegetable Farms, Katsina State, Nigeria

2024-08-20T11:12:34+00:00

Katsina state for long has been a major aggregation centre for cash crops including vegetables due to the availability of suitable land and adequacy of water supply, phytochemical analysis of vegitables cultivated at , batagarawa, lambun sarki and dankama vegetable farms were investigated, This study investigates the metabolites present in sample, the presence of tannins, flavonoids and saponins were tested. The results of the study showed the presence flavonoids, and tannins in lettuce, red pepper showed the presence only flavonoids, carrot showed the presence flavonoids, saponin and tannins, spinach showed the presence of tannin and saponin, while lettuce showed the presence Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids. Therefore, lettuce, spinach and carrot could serve as potential source of natural antioxidants, red pepper could serve as a source of both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory.

Challenges and Opportunities in Repurposing Natural Products for the Treatment of Neglected Trophical Diseases: A Review of Scaffold Optimization Strategies

2024-08-20T11:18:12+00:00

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are serious health issues that affect the entire world, especially in low-income tropical and subtropical areas, yet they do not get enough facilities. Natural items have great potential for treating NTD because of their varied chemical scaffolds. Nevertheless, there are a number of difficulties in optimizing these scaffolds for drug development. Attempts at synthesis and modification are complicated by the structural complexity of natural compounds. Economic and regulatory hurdles also obstruct advancement. Despite these difficulties, there are plenty of chances. Natural products are a significant source of structural variety that makes them ideal for drug discovery. developments in biotechnology and synthetic biology. Sustainable production is improved via biotechnology. Targeted optimization is made easier by advances in computer power and molecular understanding. Research collaborations can expedite the process of discovery and development. Finding efficient scaffolds can be done quickly by looking for NTD activity in already-existing natural product libraries. By tackling these issues scientifically and cooperatively, we can develop novel, practical, and affordable treatments for non-traumatic disabilities (NTDs), which will eventually improve the health of impacted communities.

Effect and Remediation of Environmental Pollution on the Concept of Chemistry - Review

2024-08-20T11:23:33+00:00

The science of chemistry has been greatly impacted by environmental degradation, which has led to important breakthroughs and changed educational perspectives. This review highlights the role of chemists in tackling global environmental concerns by examining the diverse effects of environmental contamination on the study of chemistry. Green chemistry principles, which attempt to design safer chemicals and processes that limit waste and lessen detrimental environmental impacts, have been motivated by pollution. Environmental chemistry, which focuses on the behavior, consequences, and mitigation of pollutants, has emerged as a crucial sub-discipline as a result of the pressing need to address pollution. In addition, pollution has made it necessary to integrate interdisciplinary techniques, bringing together the fields of chemistry, biology, environmental science, and engineering to provide novel ways to pollution treatment and control. Educational curricula have evolved to incorporate these trends, emphasizing sustainable practices and the environmental implications of chemical processes. This review highlights how the growing awareness of environmental pollution continues to drive innovation and shape the future of chemical education and research, underscoring the importance of chemists in developing sustainable solutions to protect our planet.

Assessment of Lead and Cadmium of Hand Dug Well Around Gold Mining Areas of Rimi Sumaila Local Government Area, Kano State, Nigeria

2024-08-20T11:28:17+00:00

Heavy metals are essential element that are very important to the soil, their accumulation beyond the permissible limit causes a health risk as it may affect the soil and plants. Mining activities can generate large quantities of heavy metals laden waste which are released in an uncontrolled manner, causing widespread contamination of the ecosystem. Heavy metals are important for normal life psychological process and also provide enormous social and economic benefit to nations, the lung time adverse effect on the environment and public health cannot be overlooked This study investigates the presence of lead and cadmium metals hand dug well around gold mining areas of Rimi Local Government, Kano State. The metals determined were lead and chromium, and the permissible limit for lead in water is 0.1mg/L according to (WHO, 2008). By consideration with the WHO (2008) acceptable limit all the ten-hand dug well water in Rimi are beyond the permissible limit. The highest lead concentrations in water lead to several disease to body organs such as brain, kidney gastrointestinal tracts and central nervous system.